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      North-Seeking Magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria in the Southern Hemisphere

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          ABSTRACT

          Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) comprise a phylogenetically diverse group of prokaryotes capable of orienting and navigating along magnetic field lines. Under oxic conditions, MTB in natural environments in the Northern Hemisphere generally display north-seeking (NS) polarity, swimming parallel to the Earth's magnetic field lines, while those in the Southern Hemisphere generally swim antiparallel to magnetic field lines (south-seeking [SS] polarity). Here, we report a population of an uncultured, monotrichously flagellated, and vibrioid MTB collected from a brackish lagoon in Brazil in the Southern Hemisphere that consistently exhibits NS polarity. Cells of this organism were mainly located below the oxic-anoxic interface (OAI), suggesting it is capable of some type of anaerobic metabolism. Magnetosome crystalline habit and composition were consistent with elongated prismatic magnetite (Fe 3O 4) particles. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that this organism belongs to a distinct clade of the Gammaproteobacteria class. The presence of NS MTB in the Southern Hemisphere and the previously reported finding of SS MTB in the Northern Hemisphere reinforce the idea that magnetotaxis is more complex than we currently understand and may be modulated by factors other than O 2 concentration and redox gradients in sediments and water columns.

          IMPORTANCE Magnetotaxis is a navigational mechanism used by magnetotactic bacteria to move along geomagnetic field lines and find an optimal position in chemically stratified sediments. For that, magnetotactic bacteria swim parallel to the geomagnetic field lines under oxic conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas those in the Southern Hemisphere swim antiparallel to magnetic field lines. A population of uncultured vibrioid magnetotactic bacteria was discovered in a brackish lagoon in the Southern Hemisphere that consistently swim northward, i.e., the opposite of the overwhelming majority of other Southern Hemisphere magnetotactic bacteria. This finding supports the idea that magnetotaxis is more complex than previously thought.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Role: Editor
          Journal
          Appl Environ Microbiol
          Appl. Environ. Microbiol
          aem
          aem
          AEM
          Applied and Environmental Microbiology
          American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
          0099-2240
          1098-5336
          8 July 2016
          30 August 2016
          15 September 2016
          : 82
          : 18
          : 5595-5602
          Affiliations
          [a ]Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
          [b ]Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
          [c ]School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
          Stanford University
          Author notes
          Address correspondence to Ulysses Lins, ulins@ 123456micro.ufrj.br .

          Citation Leão P, Teixeira LCRS, Cypriano J, Farina M, Abreu F, Bazylinski DA, Lins U. 2016. North-seeking magnetotactic gammaproteobacteria in the Southern Hemisphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:5595–5602. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01545-16.

          Article
          PMC5007775 PMC5007775 5007775 01545-16
          10.1128/AEM.01545-16
          5007775
          27401974
          17540076-e336-422f-92fc-87f6768afaa6
          Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
          History
          : 23 May 2016
          : 29 June 2016
          Page count
          Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8, Words: 4857
          Funding
          Funded by: National Science Foundation (NSF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
          Award ID: EAR-1423939
          Award Recipient : Dennis A. Bazylinski
          Funded by: MCTI | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593
          Award Recipient : Pedro Leão Award Recipient : Lia C. R. S. Teixeira Award Recipient : Jefferson Cypriano Award Recipient : Marcos Farina Award Recipient : Fernanda Abreu Award Recipient : Ulysses Lins
          Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322
          Award Recipient : Pedro Leão Award Recipient : Lia C. R. S. Teixeira Award Recipient : Jefferson Cypriano Award Recipient : Marcos Farina Award Recipient : Fernanda Abreu Award Recipient : Ulysses Lins
          Funded by: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004586
          Award Recipient : Pedro Leão Award Recipient : Lia C. R. S. Teixeira Award Recipient : Jefferson Cypriano Award Recipient : Marcos Farina Award Recipient : Fernanda Abreu Award Recipient : Ulysses Lins
          Categories
          Environmental Microbiology
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