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      European species of Hypocrea Part I. The green-spored species

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          Abstract

          At present 75 species of Hypocrea have been identified in temperate Europe. Nineteen green-spored species and their Trichoderma asexual states are here described in detail. Extensive searches for Hypocrea teleomorphs in 14 European countries, with emphasis on Central Europe, yielded more than 620 specimens within five years. The morphology of fresh and dry stromata was studied. In addition, available types of species described from Europe were examined. Cultures were prepared from ascospores and used to study the morphology of cultures and anamorphs, to determine growth rates, and to extract DNA that was used for amplification and sequencing of three genetic markers. ITS was used for identification, while RNA polymerase II subunit b ( rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha ( tef1) were analyzed for phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus.

          Several unexpected findings resulted from this project: 1) The previous view that only a small number of Trichoderma species form a teleomorph is erroneous. 2) All expectations concerning the number of species in Europe are by far exceeded. Seventy-five species of Hypocrea, two species of Protocrea, and Arachnocrea stipata, are herein identified in temperate Europe, based on the ITS identification routine using fresh material, on species described earlier without molecular data and on species recently described but not collected during this project. 3) Current data suggest that the biodiversity of Hypocrea / Trichoderma above soil exceeds the number of species isolated from soil. 4) The number of Trichoderma species forming hyaline conidia has been considered a small fraction. In Europe, 26 species of those forming teleomorphs produce hyaline conidia, while 42 green-conidial species are known. Three of the detected Hypocrea species do not form an anamorph in culture, while the anamorph is unknown in four species, because they have never been cultured.

          This work is a preliminary account of Hypocrea and their Trichoderma anamorphs in Europe. Of the hyaline-spored species, H. minutispora is by far the most common species in Europe, while of the green-spored species this is H. strictipilosa.

          General ecology of Hypocrea is discussed. Specific associations, either with host fungi or trees have been found, but the majority of species seems to be necrotrophic on diverse fungi on wood and bark.

          The taxonomy of the genus will be treated in two parts. In this first part 19 species of Hypocrea with green ascospores, including six new teleomorph and five new anamorph species, are described in detail. All green-spored species belong to previously recognised clades, except H. spinulosa , which forms the new Spinulosa Clade with two additional new species, and H. fomiticola, which belongs to the Semiorbis Clade and forms effuse to large subpulvinate stromata on Fomes fomentarius, a trait new for species with green ascospores. Anamorph names are established prospectively in order to provide a basis for possible policy alterations towards their use for holomorphs.

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          Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi.

          The operational species concept, i.e., the one used to recognize species, is contrasted to the theoretical species concept. A phylogenetic approach to recognize fungal species based on concordance of multiple gene genealogies is compared to those based on morphology and reproductive behavior. Examples where Phylogenetic Species Recognition has been applied to fungi are reviewed and concerns regarding Phylogenetic Species Recognition are discussed.
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              Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi.

              Corticioid fungi are basidiomycetes with effused basidiomata, a smooth, merulioid or hydnoid hymenophore, and holobasidia. These fungi used to be classified as a single family, Corticiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that corticioid fungi are distributed among all major clades within Agaricomycetes. There is a relative consensus concerning the higher order classification of basidiomycetes down to order. This paper presents a phylogenetic classification for corticioid fungi at the family level. Fifty putative families were identified from published phylogenies and preliminary analyses of unpublished sequence data. A dataset with 178 terminal taxa was compiled and subjected to phylogenetic analyses using MP and Bayesian inference. From the analyses, 41 strongly supported and three unsupported clades were identified. These clades are treated as families in a Linnean hierarchical classification and each family is briefly described. Three additional families not covered by the phylogenetic analyses are also included in the classification. All accepted corticioid genera are either referred to one of the families or listed as incertae sedis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Stud Mycol
                simycol
                Studies in Mycology
                CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre
                0166-0616
                1872-9797
                2009
                : 63
                : European species of Hypocrea Part I. The green-spored species
                : 1-91
                Affiliations
                Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Walter M. Jaklitsch, jawa3@ 123456utanet.at
                Article
                0001
                10.3114/sim.2009.63.01
                2757427
                19826500
                1774c893-7d89-4d00-9d7c-b243c329a906
                Copyright © Copyright 2009 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre

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                Plant science & Botany
                morphology,trichoderma,systematics,arachnocrea,phylogeny,sequence analysis,tef1,ascomycetes,gliocladium,dna barcode,hypocreales,its,rpb2,protocrea

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