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      Ischemic stroke and repair: current trends in research and tissue engineering treatments

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          Abstract

          Stroke, the third leading cause of mortality, is usually associated with severe disabilities, high recurrence rate and other poor outcomes. Currently, there are no long-term effective treatments for stroke. Cell and cytokine therapies have been explored previously. However, the therapeutic outcomes are often limited by poor survival of transplanted cells, uncontrolled cell differentiation, ineffective engraftment with host tissues and non-sustained delivery of growth factors. A tissue-engineering approach provides an alternative for treating ischemic stroke. The key design considerations for the tissue engineering approach include: choice of scaffold materials, choice of cells and cytokines and delivery methods. Here, we review current cell and biomaterial based therapies available for ischemic stroke, with a special focus on tissue-engineering strategies for regeneration of stroke-affected neuronal tissue.

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          Most cited references121

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          Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system.

          Neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system is believed to end in the period just after birth; in the mouse striatum no new neurons are produced after the first few days after birth. In this study, cells isolated from the striatum of the adult mouse brain were induced to proliferate in vitro by epidermal growth factor. The proliferating cells initially expressed nestin, an intermediate filament found in neuroepithelial stem cells, and subsequently developed the morphology and antigenic properties of neurons and astrocytes. Newly generated cells with neuronal morphology were immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid and substance P, two neurotransmitters of the adult striatum in vivo. Thus, cells of the adult mouse striatum have the capacity to divide and differentiate into neurons and astrocytes.
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            Designing cell-compatible hydrogels for biomedical applications.

            Hydrogels are polymeric materials distinguished by high water content and diverse physical properties. They can be engineered to resemble the extracellular environment of the body's tissues in ways that enable their use in medical implants, biosensors, and drug-delivery devices. Cell-compatible hydrogels are designed by using a strategy of coordinated control over physical properties and bioactivity to influence specific interactions with cellular systems, including spatial and temporal patterns of biochemical and biomechanical cues known to modulate cell behavior. Important new discoveries in stem cell research, cancer biology, and cellular morphogenesis have been realized with model hydrogel systems premised on these designs. Basic and clinical applications for hydrogels in cell therapy, tissue engineering, and biomedical research continue to drive design improvements using performance-based materials engineering paradigms.
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              Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons.

              Bone marrow stromal cells exhibit multiple traits of a stem cell population. They can be greatly expanded in vitro and induced to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal cell types. However, differentiation to non-mesenchymal fates has not been demonstrated. Here, adult rat stromal cells were expanded as undifferentiated cells in culture for more than 20 passages, indicating their proliferative capacity. A simple treatment protocol induced the stromal cells to exhibit a neuronal phenotype, expressing neuron-specific enolase, NeuN, neurofilament-M, and tau. With an optimal differentiation protocol, almost 80% of the cells expressed NSE and NF-M. The refractile cell bodies extended long processes terminating in typical growth cones and filopodia. The differentiating cells expressed nestin, characteristic of neuronal precursor stem cells, at 5 hr, but the trait was undetectable at 6 days. In contrast, expression of trkA, the nerve growth factor receptor, persisted from 5 hr through 6 days. Clonal cell lines, established from single cells, proliferated, yielding both undifferentiated and neuronal cells. Human marrow stromal cells subjected to this protocol also differentiated into neurons. Consequently, adult marrow stromal cells can be induced to overcome their mesenchymal commitment and may constitute an abundant and accessible cellular reservoir for the treatment of a variety of neurologic diseases. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                anhuiwangjian@qq.com
                83373979@qq.com
                gonxhjyy@gmail.com
                songyuwuhan@163.com
                lyklxq@126.com
                katelinwang@gmail.com
                Journal
                Regen Med Res
                Regen Med Res
                Regenerative Medicine Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                2050-490X
                3 February 2014
                3 February 2014
                December 2014
                : 2
                : 1
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [ ]Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
                [ ]Medical Research Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
                Article
                7
                10.1186/2050-490X-2-3
                4389883
                25984331
                178a4e98-0a5e-4c19-9319-b6bc43b6db08
                © Wang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

                This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 August 2013
                : 24 October 2013
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © BioMed Central Ltd 2014

                ischemic stroke,tissue engineering,biomaterials,neuro-protective factors,cell therapy

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