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      The potential risk factors of cortical visual impairment following cerebral angiography: a retrospective study

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3
      Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
      Dove
      cortical blindness, angiography, contrast agent

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          Abstract

          Background

          Cortical visual impairment is an uncommon complication after cerebral angiography with an incidence of 0.3%-1.0%. Here we would like to investigate and discuss the potential risk factors of cortical visual impairment after cerebral angiography.

          Methods

          Based on the presence of post-operative cortical visual impairment, 4,528 patients who received cerebral angiography were split into two groups. The relevant risk factors were compared and analyzed between the groups.

          Results

          In the patient cohort, 11 cases exhibited post-operative cortical visual impairment (0.24%). In particular, seven patients presented with blurred vision and four presented with binocular blindness. Visual sensation of these patients recovered after the treatment. Our univariate analysis revealed that differences in age, weight, sex ratios, proportions of patients with hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipemia, and operation time were not statistically significant between the two groups ( P>0.05). The multivariate analysis indicated that the dosage of contrast medium was the independent risk factor for post-operative cortical visual impairment.

          Conclusion

          Clinically, cortical visual impairment following cerebral angiography typically presented as blurred vision or complete blindness. We have identified the dosage of contrast medium as the most critical independent risk factor based on our study. Preventive strategies need to be implemented to avoid post-operative cortical visual impairment in this regard.

          Most cited references16

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          Cortical blindness: etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis.

          We examined 15 patients with cortical blindness, reviewed the records of 10 others, and compared these 25 patients to those in previous studies of cortical blindness. Although cerebrovascular disease was the most common cause in our series, surgery, particularly cardiac surgery, and cerebral angiography were also major causes. Only 3 patients denied their blindness, although 4 others were unaware of their visual loss. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were performed during the period of blindness in 20 patients and all recordings were abnormal, with absent alpha rhythm. Visual evoked potentials recorded during blindness were abnormal in 15 of 19 patients, but did not correlate with the severity of visual loss or with outcome. Bioccipital lucencies were found in computed tomographic (CT) scans of 14 patients; none of the 14 regained good vision. Recovery of vision was poor in all 8 patients who had a spontaneous stroke, but fair or good in 11 of the other 17 patients. Prognosis was best in patients under the age of 40 years, in those without a history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and in those without associated cognitive, language, or memory impairments. We conclude that the prognosis in cortical blindness is poor when caused by stroke; EEGs are more useful than visual evoked potentials for diagnosis; and bioccipital abnormalities shown on CT scan are associated with a poor prognosis.
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            New approaches to visual rehabilitation for cortical blindness: outcomes and putative mechanisms.

            Cortical blindness is a chronic loss of vision following damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) or its postchiasmal afferents. Such damage is followed by a brief period of spontaneous plasticity that rarely lasts beyond 6 months. Following this initial phase, the visual deficit is thought to be stable, intractable, and permanent. Cortically blind subjects demonstrate spontaneous oculomotor adaptations to their deficits that can be further improved by saccadic localization training. However, saccadic training does not improve visual sensitivity in the blind field. In contrast, recent studies by a number of independent groups suggest that localized, repetitive perceptual training can improve visual sensitivity in the blind field, although mechanisms underlying the observed recovery remain unclear. This review discusses the current literature on rehabilitative strategies used for cortical blindness with emphasis on the use of perceptual training methods. The putative mechanisms that underlie the resulting, training-induced visual improvements are then outlined, along with the special challenges posed to their elucidation by the great variability in the extent and sometimes nature of the V1 damage sustained in different individuals.
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              • Article: not found

              Relearning to See in Cortical Blindness.

              The incidence of cortically induced blindness is increasing as our population ages. The major cause of cortically induced blindness is stroke affecting the primary visual cortex. While the impact of this form of vision loss is devastating to quality of life, the development of principled, effective rehabilitation strategies for this condition lags far behind those used to treat motor stroke victims. Here we summarize recent developments in the still emerging field of visual restitution therapy, and compare the relative effectiveness of different approaches. We also draw insights into the properties of recovered vision, its limitations and likely neural substrates. We hope that these insights will guide future research and bring us closer to the goal of providing much-needed rehabilitation solutions for this patient population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Ther Clin Risk Manag
                TCRM
                tcriskman
                Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Dove
                1176-6336
                1178-203X
                19 August 2019
                2019
                : 15
                : 1013-1017
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100043, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100043, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100043, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Yunna YangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , No. 5 Jingyuan Road, Shijingshan, Beijing100043, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 105 171 8624Email yangyyn2015@163.com
                Article
                215158
                10.2147/TCRM.S215158
                6707442
                179845bd-81b4-4a97-bb98-73e117733743
                © 2019 Yang et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 09 May 2019
                : 05 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 16, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Original Research

                Medicine
                cortical blindness,angiography,contrast agent
                Medicine
                cortical blindness, angiography, contrast agent

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