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      Bee Venom Phospholipase A 2: Yesterday’s Enemy Becomes Today’s Friend

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      Author(s): , *
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Toxins
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: bee venom, phospholipase A2, immunity

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          Abstract

          Bee venom therapy has been used to treat immune-related diseases such as arthritis for a long time. Recently, it has revealed that group III secretory phospholipase A 2 from bee venom (bee venom group III sPLA 2) has in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects. A growing number of reports have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of bee venom group III sPLA 2. Notably, new experimental data have shown protective immune responses of bee venom group III sPLA 2 against a wide range of diseases including asthma, Parkinson’s disease, and drug-induced organ inflammation. It is critical to evaluate the beneficial and adverse effects of bee venom group III sPLA 2 because this enzyme is known to be the major allergen of bee venom that can cause anaphylactic shock. For many decades, efforts have been made to avoid its adverse effects. At high concentrations, exposure to bee venom group III sPLA 2 can result in damage to cellular membranes and necrotic cell death. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the therapeutic effects of bee venom group III sPLA 2 on several immunological diseases and described the detailed mechanisms of bee venom group III sPLA 2 in regulating various immune responses and physiopathological changes.

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          Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention.

          Edward A Dennis, Jian Cao, Yuan-Hao Hsu … (2011)
          Article 0 comments Cited 303 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans.

            Makoto Murakami, Yoshitaka Taketomi, Yoshimi Miki … (2011)
            Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
            Article 0 comments Cited 139 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Bee venom phospholipase A2 induces a primary type 2 response that is dependent on the receptor ST2 and confers protective immunity.

              Noah W. Palm, Rachel K. Rosenstein, Shuang Yu … (2013)
              Venoms consist of toxic components that are delivered to their victims via bites or stings. Venoms also represent a major class of allergens in humans. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a conserved component of venoms from multiple species and is the major allergen in bee venom. Here we examined how bee venom PLA2 is sensed by the innate immune system and induces a type 2 immune response in mice. We found that bee venom PLA2 induced a T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-type response and group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation via the enzymatic cleavage of membrane phospholipids and release of interleukin-33. Furthermore, we showed that the IgE response to PLA2 could protect mice from future challenge with a near-lethal dose of PLA2. These data suggest that the innate immune system can detect the activity of a conserved component of venoms and induce a protective immune response against a venom toxin. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Glenn F. King: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Toxins (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Toxins (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): toxins
                Title: Toxins
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6651
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2016
                Publication date Collection: February 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 48
                Affiliations
                Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-Dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea; glee@ 123456khu.ac.kr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hbae@ 123456khu.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9316; Fax: +82-2-962-9316
                Article
                Publisher ID: toxins-08-00048
                DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020048
                PMC ID: 4773801
                PubMed ID: 26907347
                SO-VID: 17b1aabe-30e4-42ab-9c7a-7c1a9648f1a2
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 11 November 2015
                Date accepted : 14 February 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: bee venom,phospholipase a2,immunity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: bee venom, phospholipase a2, immunity

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