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      How accurately can we assess zoonotic risk?

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      Author(s): 1 , * , 2 , 3 ,   1
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS Biology
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Identifying the animal reservoirs from which zoonotic viruses will likely emerge is central to understanding the determinants of disease emergence. Accordingly, there has been an increase in studies attempting zoonotic “risk assessment.” Herein, we demonstrate that the virological data on which these analyses are conducted are incomplete, biased, and rapidly changing with ongoing virus discovery. Together, these shortcomings suggest that attempts to assess zoonotic risk using available virological data are likely to be inaccurate and largely only identify those host taxa that have been studied most extensively. We suggest that virus surveillance at the human–animal interface may be more productive.

          Abstract

          Determining which organisms harbour viruses that could potentially infect humans is of great topical interest. This Essay demonstrates that the data on which such zoonotic risk assessments are conducted are incomplete, biased, and rapidly changing with ongoing virus discovery.

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          Global trends in emerging infectious diseases

          Kate E. Jones, Nikkita G Patel, Marc A. Levy … (2008)
          The next new disease Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to health: AIDS, SARS, drug-resistant bacteria and Ebola virus are among the more recent examples. By identifying emerging disease 'hotspots', the thinking goes, it should be possible to spot health risks at an early stage and prepare containment strategies. An analysis of over 300 examples of disease emerging between 1940 and 2004 suggests that these hotspots can be accurately mapped based on socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors. The data show that the surveillance effort, and much current research spending, is concentrated in developed economies, yet the risk maps point to developing countries as the more likely source of new diseases. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature06536) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1606 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins

            Tommy Lam, Marcus Ho-Hin Shum, Hua-Chen Zhu … (2020)
            The ongoing outbreak of viral pneumonia in China and across the world is associated with a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-21. This outbreak has been tentatively associated with a seafood market in Wuhan, China, where the sale of wild animals may be the source of zoonotic infection2. Although bats are probable reservoir hosts for SARS-CoV-2, the identity of any intermediate host that may have facilitated transfer to humans is unknown. Here we report the identification of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) seized in anti-smuggling operations in southern China. Metagenomic sequencing identified pangolin-associated coronaviruses that belong to two sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, including one that exhibits strong similarity in the receptor-binding domain to SARS-CoV-2. The discovery of multiple lineages of pangolin coronavirus and their similarity to SARS-CoV-2 suggests that pangolins should be considered as possible hosts in the emergence of new coronaviruses and should be removed from wet markets to prevent zoonotic transmission.
            Article 0 comments Cited 815 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere

              Mang Shi, Xian-Dan Lin, Jun-Hua Tian … (2017)
              Current knowledge of RNA virus biodiversity is both biased and fragmentary, reflecting a focus on culturable or disease-causing agents. Here we profile the transcriptomes of over 220 invertebrate species sampled across nine animal phyla and report the discovery of 1,445 RNA viruses, including some that are sufficiently divergent to comprise new families. The identified viruses fill major gaps in the RNA virus phylogeny and reveal an evolutionary history that is characterized by both host switching and co-divergence. The invertebrate virome also reveals remarkable genomic flexibility that includes frequent recombination, lateral gene transfer among viruses and hosts, gene gain and loss, and complex genomic rearrangements. Together, these data present a view of the RNA virosphere that is more phylogenetically and genomically diverse than that depicted in current classification schemes and provide a more solid foundation for studies in virus ecology and evolution.
              Article 0 comments Cited 444 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andy P. Dobson: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosbiol
                Title: PLoS Biology
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1544-9173
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-7885
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2021
                Publication date Collection: April 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 April 2021
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e3001135
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
                [2 ] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
                [3 ] Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
                Princeton University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-0196
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0970-0153
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-3552
                Article
                Publisher ID: PBIOLOGY-D-20-02612
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001135
                PMC ID: 8057571
                PubMed ID: 33878111
                SO-VID: 17b5ac9b-f685-4788-8234-459b37e2debb
                Copyright © © 2021 Wille et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Research Council
                Award ID: DE200100977
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-0196
                Funded by: Australian Research Council
                Award ID: FL170100022
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-3552
                E.C.H. is funded by an Australian Research Council Australian Laureate Fellowship (FL170100022). M.W. is supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE200100977). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Essay
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Zoonoses
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Birds
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Birds
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Shrews
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Shrews
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical microbiology
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Coronaviruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Coronaviruses

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences

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