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      Measuring and assessing HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination among migrant workers in Zhejiang, China

      research-article
      1 , , 2 , 1
      BMC Public Health
      BioMed Central
      HIV/AIDS, Stigma, Scale, Migrant workers

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          Abstract

          Background

          The aim of this study was to develop a Chinese HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (C-HSS) and test its reliability and validity among migrant workers in eastern China.

          Methods

          Nine hundred sixty four migrant workers completed the C-HSS questionnaire in Zhejiang province. The Split-half reliability coefficient (R) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (a) for internal consistency of the scale were used. Factor analysis was applied for construct validity. Scores of total and subscales were compared among migrants. Correlation between scores and knowledge of HIV/AIDS was analyzed.

          Results

          The 24-items scale and the four subscales of C-HSS had good internal consistency (R overall was 0.877, subscales ranged from 0.693 to 0.862; Cronbach’s alpha overall was 0.845, subscales ranged from 0.709 to 0.810). Correlation coefficients between each domain and total score were significant ( p < 0.01). The cumulative contribution rate was 54.17 % by five public factors based on exploratory factor analysis. Except for the thirteenth item and twentieth item, four public factors were in accordance with the basic conceived concept. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit to the data for the four-domain structure. Negative correlation existed between the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge and stigma.

          Conclusion

          The results suggest that the C-HSS is a reliable and valid measure for HIV/AIDS stigma in migrant workers.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3518-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references25

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          Psychometric theory

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            The Iranian version of 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12): factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity

            Background The 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) as a shorter alternative of the SF-36 is largely used in health outcomes surveys. The aim of this study was to validate the SF-12 in Iran. Methods A random sample of the general population aged 15 years and over living in Tehran, Iran completed the SF-12. Reliability was estimated using internal consistency and validity was assessed using known groups comparison and convergent validity. In addition, the factor structure of the questionnaire was extracted by performing both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: In all, 5587 individuals were studied (2721 male and 2866 female). The mean age and formal education of the respondents were 35.1 (SD = 15.4) and 10.2 (SD = 4.4) years respectively. The results showed satisfactory internal consistency for both summary measures, that are the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS); Cronbach's α for PCS-12 and MCS-12 was 0.73 and 0.72, respectively. Known-groups comparison showed that the SF-12 discriminated well between men and women and those who differed in age and educational status (P < 0.001). In addition, correlations between the SF-12 scales and single items showed that the physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain and general health subscales correlated higher with the PCS-12 score, while the vitality, social functioning, role emotional and mental health subscales more correlated with the MCS-12 score lending support to its good convergent validity. Finally the principal component analysis indicated a two-factor structure (physical and mental health) that jointly accounted for 57.8% of the variance. The confirmatory factory analysis also indicated a good fit to the data for the two-latent structure (physical and mental health). Conclusion In general the findings suggest that the SF-12 is a reliable and valid measure of health related quality of life among Iranian population. However, further studies are needed to establish stronger psychometric properties for this alternative form of the SF-36 Health Survey in Iran.
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              Assessing HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination in developing countries.

              HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are barriers to HIV prevention effectiveness, voluntary counseling and testing uptake, and accessing care in many international settings. Most published stigma scales are not comprehensive and have been primarily tested in developed countries. We sought to draw on existing literature to develop a scale with strong psychometric properties that could easily be used in developing countries. From 82 compiled questions, we tested a 50-item scale which yielded 3 dimensions with 22 items in pilot testing in rural northern Thailand (n = 200) and urban and peri-urban Zimbabwe (n = 221). The three factors (shame, blame and social isolation; perceived discrimination; equity) had high internal consistency reliability and good divergent validity in both research settings. Systematic and significant differences in stigmatizing attitudes were found across countries, with few differences by age or sex noted within sites. This short, comprehensive and standardized measure can be easily incorporated into questionnaires in international research settings.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +86-575-88345091 , petrelx99@163.com
                sxuway@163.com
                1033411997@qq.com
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                20 August 2016
                20 August 2016
                2016
                : 16
                : 845
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province China
                [2 ]Institute of Epidemiology, Shaoxing Keqiao District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-8958
                Article
                3518
                10.1186/s12889-016-3518-7
                4992229
                27544684
                17cd79dc-31b2-4c57-893e-8fc940617964
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 20 November 2015
                : 16 August 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Foundation of China
                Award ID: 14YJAZH088
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Public health
                hiv/aids,stigma,scale,migrant workers
                Public health
                hiv/aids, stigma, scale, migrant workers

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