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      Rutas saludables, más allá del ejercicio físico: evaluación de una experiencia en población mayor de Gipuzkoa Translated title: Healthy walks, beyond physical exercise: evaluation of an experience in older population from Gipuzkoa (Spain)

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción En 2011 se impulsó desde la Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa la iniciativa Ttipi-Ttapa para la promoción comunitaria del ejercicio físico en personas mayores mediante rutas saludables en colaboración con ayuntamientos, asociaciones ciudadanas y atención primaria. Objetivo Evaluar desde la perspectiva de los participantes la experiencia Ttipi-Ttapa en el periodo 2012-2017 para identificar los principales aciertos y carencias y compartir propuestas de continuidad y mejora. Método Diseño mixto con investigación cualitativa central y encuesta suplementaria a todos los caminantes en salidas en 13 localidades. Test de ji al cuadrado para comparación de porcentajes. En el estudio cualitativo, muestreo intencional con diferentes perfiles de participantes mediante nueve grupos focales y 10 entrevistas individuales. Grabación en audio previo consentimiento. Análisis temático con ayuda de mapas conceptuales y el programa MAXQDA. Triangulación entre investigadores en un contexto de investigación-aprendizaje. Resultados Se analizaron 464 cuestionarios; 64% mujeres y 36% hombres. Edad media 69,8 años y 75% mayores de 65 años. Satisfacción general de 9,05/10, con diferencias significativas a favor de las mujeres, los grupos de mayor edad y las personas viudas. En el estudio cualitativo participaron 43 mujeres y 37 hombres. Se identifican tres áreas temáticas principales a partir de las categorías codificadas y sus solapamientos: a) no solo es caminar; b) organización, valores y personas; y c) claves colaborativas y retos de futuro. Conclusiones Los beneficios percibidos en salud desbordan el ejercicio físico con implicaciones importantes en la interacción y la cohesión social. La complejidad de los procesos evaluados conlleva exigencias metodológicas, organizativas y colaborativas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction In 2011 the Tipi-Tapa initiative was endorsed by the Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa to promote physical exercise through healthy walks in community-dwelling older adults, in collaboration with municipalities, citizens associations and primary care. Objective To evaluate, from the participants’ perspective, the Tipi-Tapa experience during 2012-2017 to identify the main successes and failures and share proposals of continuity and improvement. Method Mixed methods design with a qualitative core component and a supplementary questionnaire to all participants from 13 municipalities. The Chi-squared test was used to compare percentages. In the qualitative study, a purposive sampling was applied considering participants’ profiles through nine focus groups and 10 individual interviews. The interviews were audio recorded with previous consent. A thematic analysis was performed using conceptual maps and the MAXQDA software. Triangulation among researchers was done in a research-learning context. Results We analysed 464 questionnaires; 64% from women and 36% from men. The participants’ mean age was 69.8 years; 75% were older than 65 years. The general satisfaction was 9.05/10 with significant differences in favour of women, older age groups and widows. In the qualitative study, 43 women and 37 men participated. Three main thematic areas were identified based on category coding and overlap: a) it is not just walking; b) organization, values and persons; and c) collaborative keystones and future challenges. Conclusions The health benefits perceived by participants go beyond physical exercise, with important implications for social interaction and cohesion. The complexity of the processes assessed entails methodological, organizational and collaborative requirements.

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          Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance

          Process evaluation is an essential part of designing and testing complex interventions. New MRC guidance provides a framework for conducting and reporting process evaluation studies
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            What can “thematic analysis” offer health and wellbeing researchers?

            The field of health and wellbeing scholarship has a strong tradition of qualitative research—and rightly so. Qualitative research offers rich and compelling insights into the real worlds, experiences, and perspectives of patients and health care professionals in ways that are completely different to, but also sometimes complimentary to, the knowledge we can obtain through quantitative methods. There is a strong tradition of the use of grounded theory within the field—right from its very origins studying dying in hospital (Glaser & Strauss, 1965)—and this covers the epistemological spectrum from more positivist forms (Glaser, 1992, 1978) through to the constructivist approaches developed by Charmaz (2006) in, for instance, her compelling study of the loss of self in chronic illness (Charmaz, 1983). Similarly, narrative approaches (Riessman, 2007) have been used to provide rich and detailed accounts of the social formations shaping subjective experiences of health and well-being (e.g., Riessman, 2000). Phenomenological and hermeneutic approaches, including the more recently developed interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009), are similarly regularly used in health and wellbeing research, and they suit it well, oriented as they are to the experiential and interpretative realities of the participants themselves (e.g., Smith & Osborn, 2007). Thematic analysis (TA) has a less coherent developmental history. It appeared as a “method” in the 1970s but was often variably and inconsistently used. Good specification and guidelines were laid out by Boyatzis (1998) in a key text focused around “coding and theme development” that moved away from the embrace of grounded theory. But “thematic analysis” as a named, claimed, and widely used approach really “took off” within the social and health sciences following the publication of our paper Using thematic analysis in psychology in 2006 (Braun & Clarke, 2006; see also Braun & Clarke, 2012, 2013; Braun, Clarke, & Rance, 2014; Braun, Clarke, & Terry, 2014; Clarke & Braun, 2014a, 2014b). The “in psychology” part of the title has been widely disregarded, and the paper is used extensively across a multitude of disciplines, many of which often include a health focus. As tends to be the case when analytic approaches “mature,” different variations of TA have appeared: ours offer a theoretically flexible approach; others (e.g., Boyatzis, 1998; Guest, MacQueen, & Namey, 2012; Joffe, 2011) locate TA implicitly or explicitly within more realist/post-positivist paradigms. They do so through, for instance, advocating the development of coding frames, which facilitate the generation of measures like inter-rater reliability, a concept we find problematic in relation to qualitative research (see Braun & Clarke, 2013). Part of this difference results from the broad framework within which qualitative research is conducted: a “Big Q” qualitative framework, or a “small q” more traditional, positivist/quantitative framework (see Kidder & Fine, 1987). Qualitative health and wellbeing researchers will be researching across these research traditions—making TA a method well-suited to the varying needs and requirements of a wide variety of research projects. Despite the widespread uptake of TA as a formalised method within the qualitative analysis canon, and within health and wellbeing research, we often get emails from researchers saying they have been queried about the validity of TA as a method, or as a method suitable for their particular research project. For instance, we get emails from doctoral students or potential doctoral students, who have been told that “TA isn't sophisticated enough for a doctoral project” or emails from researchers who have been told that TA is only a descriptive or positivist method that requires no interpretative analysis. We get emails from people asking how to respond to reviewer queries on articles submitted for publication, where the validity of TA has been raised. We get so many emails, that we've created a website with answers to many of the questions we get: www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/thematicanalysis. The queries or critiques often reveal a lack of understanding about the potential of TA, and also about the variability and flexibility of the method. They often seem to assume a realist, descriptive method, and a method that lacks nuance, subtlety, or interpretative depth. This is incorrect. TA can be used in a realist or descriptive way, but it is not limited to that. The version of TA we've developed provides a robust, systematic framework for coding qualitative data, and for then using that coding to identify patterns across the dataset in relation to the research question. The questions of what level patterns are sought at, and what interpretations are made of those patterns, are left to the researcher. This is because the techniques are separate from the theoretical orientation of the research. TA can be done poorly, or it can be done within theoretical frameworks you might disagree with, but those are not reasons to reject the whole approach outright. TA offers a really useful qualitative approach for those doing more applied research, which some health research is, or when doing research that steps outside of academia, such as into the policy or practice arenas. TA offers a toolkit for researchers who want to do robust and even sophisticated analyses of qualitative data, but yet focus and present them in a way which is readily accessible to those who aren't part of academic communities. And, as a comparatively easy to learn qualitative analytic approach, without deep theoretical commitments, it works well for research teams where some are more and some are less qualitatively experienced. Ultimately, choice of analytic approach will depend on a cluster of factors, including what topic the research explores, what the research question is, who conducts the research, what their research experience is, who makes up the intended audience(s) of the research, the theoretical location(s) of the research, the research context, and many others. Some of these are somewhat fluid, some are more fixed. Ultimately, we advocate for an approach to qualitative research which is deliberative, reflective, and thorough. TA provides a tool that can serve these purposes well, but it doesn't serve every purpose. It can be used widely for health and wellbeing research, but it also needs to be used wisely. Virginia Braun School of Psychology, The University of AucklandPrivate Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre 1142Auckland, New ZealandEmail: v.braun@auckland.ac.nz Victoria Clarke Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of EnglandBristol BS16 1QY, UK
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              Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity.

              Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged in the last decades as a transformative research paradigm that bridges the gap between science and practice through community engagement and social action to increase health equity. CBPR expands the potential for the translational sciences to develop, implement, and disseminate effective interventions across diverse communities through strategies to redress power imbalances; facilitate mutual benefit among community and academic partners; and promote reciprocal knowledge translation, incorporating community theories into the research. We identify the barriers and challenges within the intervention and implementation sciences, discuss how CBPR can address these challenges, provide an illustrative research example, and discuss next steps to advance the translational science of CBPR.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                February 2021
                : 35
                : 1
                : 3-11
                Affiliations
                [3] Ordizia (Gipuzkoa) orgnameOsakidetza orgdiv1OSI Goierri-Alto Urola orgdiv2Centro de Salud de Ordizia España
                [4] Donostia-San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) orgnameSubdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa España
                [1] Donostia-San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) orgnameOsakidetza orgdiv1OSI-Donostia orgdiv2Centro de Salud de Alza España
                [2] Tolosa (Gipuzkoa) orgnameComarca de Salud Pública Tolosa-Goierri España
                Article
                S0213-91112021000100003 S0213-9111(21)03500100003
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.02.012
                17f20834-8b37-4530-b05c-a4d6282dab92

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 February 2019
                : 22 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Ejercicio físico,Investigación cualitativa,Salud comunitaria,Integración comunitaria,Salud pública,Atención primaria,Health promotion,Healthy aging,Physical exercise,Qualitative research,Community health,Community integration,Envejecimiento saludable,Promoción de la salud,Public health,Primary care

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