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      Molecular Basis of Soybean Resistance to Soybean Aphids and Soybean Cyst Nematodes

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          Abstract

          Soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines Matsumura) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichninohe) are major pests of the soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis of limiting these pests in both model and non-model plant systems. Classical linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified major and minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in soybean. Studies on interactions of SBA and SCN effectors with host proteins have identified molecular cues in various signaling pathways, including those involved in plant disease resistance and phytohormone regulations. In this paper, we review the molecular basis of soybean resistance to SBA and SCN, and we provide a synthesis of recent studies of soybean QTLs/genes that could mitigate the effects of virulent SBA and SCN populations. We also review relevant studies of aphid–nematode interactions, particularly in the soybean–SBA–SCN system.

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          The long and short of microRNA.

          MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are versatile regulators of gene expression in higher eukaryotes. In order to silence many different mRNAs in a precise manner, miRNA stability and efficacy is controlled by highly developed regulatory pathways and fine-tuning mechanisms both affecting miRNA processing and altering mature miRNA target specificity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Copy number variation of multiple genes at Rhg1 mediates nematode resistance in soybean.

            The rhg1-b allele of soybean is widely used for resistance against soybean cyst nematode (SCN), the most economically damaging pathogen of soybeans in the United States. Gene silencing showed that genes in a 31-kilobase segment at rhg1-b, encoding an amino acid transporter, an α-SNAP protein, and a WI12 (wound-inducible domain) protein, each contribute to resistance. There is one copy of the 31-kilobase segment per haploid genome in susceptible varieties, but 10 tandem copies are present in an rhg1-b haplotype. Overexpression of the individual genes in roots was ineffective, but overexpression of the genes together conferred enhanced SCN resistance. Hence, SCN resistance mediated by the soybean quantitative trait locus Rhg1 is conferred by copy number variation that increases the expression of a set of dissimilar genes in a repeated multigene segment.
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              Signal crosstalk and induced resistance: straddling the line between cost and benefit.

              This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of signaling in induced plant resistance and susceptibility to pathogens and insect herbivores, with a focus on the connections and crosstalk among phytohormone signaling networks that regulate responses to these and other stresses. Multiple stresses, often simultaneous, reduce growth and yield in plants. However, prior challenge by a pathogen or insect herbivore also can induce resistance to subsequent challenge. This resistance, or failure of susceptibility, must be orchestrated within a larger physiological context that is strongly influenced by other biotic agents and by abiotic stresses such as inadequate light, temperature extremes, drought, nutrient limitation, and soil salinity. Continued research in this area is predicated on the notion that effective utilization of induced resistance in crop protection will require a functional understanding of the physiological consequences of the "induced" state of the plant, coupled with the knowledge of the specificity and compatibility of the signaling systems leading to this state. This information may guide related strategies to improve crop performance in suboptimal environments, and define the limits of induced resistance in certain agricultural contexts.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Plants (Basel)
                Plants (Basel)
                plants
                Plants
                MDPI
                2223-7747
                26 September 2019
                October 2019
                : 8
                : 10
                : 374
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; surendra.neupane@ 123456sdstate.edu (S.N.); jordan.purintun@ 123456sdstate.edu (J.M.P.)
                [2 ]Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; febina.mathew@ 123456sdstate.edu (F.M.M.); adam.varenhorst@ 123456sdstate.edu (A.J.V.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: madhav.nepal@ 123456sdstate.edu ; Tel.: +01-605-688-5971
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3175-9023
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-523X
                Article
                plants-08-00374
                10.3390/plants8100374
                6843664
                31561499
                1821fb49-af6d-4182-b9e1-4a238740b9a5
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 26 June 2019
                : 17 September 2019
                Categories
                Review

                α-snap,effectors,gmpad4,gmshmt08,induced susceptibility,rag genes,rhg genes,soybean pest resistance

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