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      The grit effect: predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage

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          Abstract

          Remaining committed to goals is necessary (albeit not sufficient) to attaining them, but very little is known about domain-general individual differences that contribute to sustained goal commitment. The current investigation examines the association between grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, other individual difference variables, and retention in four different contexts: the military, workplace sales, high school, and marriage. Grit predicted retention over and beyond established context-specific predictors of retention (e.g., intelligence, physical aptitude, Big Five personality traits, job tenure) and demographic variables in each setting. Grittier soldiers were more likely to complete an Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) selection course, grittier sales employees were more likely to keep their jobs, grittier students were more likely to graduate from high school, and grittier men were more likely to stay married. The relative predictive validity of grit compared to other traditional predictors of retention is examined in each of the four studies. These findings suggest that in addition to domain-specific influences, there may be domain-general individual differences which influence commitment to diverse life goals over time.

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          Most cited references37

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          Development and validation of the short grit scale (grit-s).

          In this article, we introduce brief self-report and informant-report versions of the Grit Scale, which measures trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) retains the 2-factor structure of the original Grit Scale (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007) with 4 fewer items and improved psychometric properties. We present evidence for the Grit-S's internal consistency, test-retest stability, consensual validity with informant-report versions, and predictive validity. Among adults, the Grit-S was associated with educational attainment and fewer career changes. Among adolescents, the Grit-S longitudinally predicted GPA and, inversely, hours watching television. Among cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, the Grit-S predicted retention. Among Scripps National Spelling Bee competitors, the Grit-S predicted final round attained, a relationship mediated by lifetime spelling practice.
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            Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis.

            This study examines the relationship between psychosocial and study skill factors (PSFs) and college outcomes by meta-analyzing 109 studies. On the basis of educational persistence and motivational theory models, the PSFs were categorized into 9 broad constructs: achievement motivation, academic goals, institutional commitment, perceived social support, social involvement, academic self-efficacy, general self-concept, academic-related skills, and contextual influences. Two college outcomes were targeted: performance (cumulative grade point average; GPA) and persistence (retention). Meta-analyses indicate moderate relationships between retention and academic goals, academic self-efficacy, and academic-related skills (ps =.340,.359, and.366, respectively). The best predictors for GPA were academic self-efficacy and achievement motivation (ps =.496 and.303, respectively). Supplementary regression analyses confirmed the incremental contributions of the PSF over and above those of socioeconomic status, standardized achievement, and high school GPA in predicting college outcomes.
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              Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                01 July 2013
                03 February 2014
                2014
                : 5
                : 36
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
                [2] 2Fort Bragg Research Element, U.S. Army Research Institute Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marcel Zentner, University of Innsbruck, Austria

                Reviewed by: Marcel Zentner, University of Innsbruck, Austria; Sarah S. W. De Pauw, Ghent University, Belgium

                *Correspondence: Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3701 Market Street, Suite 207, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA e-mail: eskreisl@ 123456sas.upenn.edu

                This article was submitted to Personality Science and Individual Differences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
                3910317
                24550863
                1853d753-6251-4108-bb9d-03ad26984b32
                Copyright © 2014 Eskreis-Winkler, Shulman, Beal and Duckworth.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 31 May 2013
                : 12 January 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 12, Words: 9838
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                retention,personality,conscientiousness,dropout,grit
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                retention, personality, conscientiousness, dropout, grit

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