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      Green spaces mitigate racial disparity of health: A higher ratio of green spaces indicates a lower racial disparity in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in the USA

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          Abstract

          There is striking racial disparity in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates in the United States. We hypothesize that the disparity is significantly smaller in areas with a higher ratio of green spaces. County level data on the SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of black and white individuals in 135 of the most urbanized counties across the United States were collected. The total population in these counties is 132,350,027, comprising 40.3% of the U.S. population. The ratio of green spaces by land-cover type in each county was extracted from satellite imagery. A hierarchical regression analysis measured cross-sectional associations between racial disparity in infection rates and green spaces, after controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, pre-existing chronic disease, and built-up area factors. We found a higher ratio of green spaces at the county level is significantly associated with a lower racial disparity in infection rates. Four types of green space have significant negative associations with the racial disparity in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates. A theoretical model with five core mechanisms and one circumstantial mechanism is presented to interpret the findings.

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          Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone

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            COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities

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              COVID-19 and African Americans

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Environ Int
                Environ Int
                Environment International
                The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                0160-4120
                1873-6750
                27 February 2021
                July 2021
                27 February 2021
                : 152
                : 106465
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
                [b ]Virtual Reality Lab of Urban Environments and Human Health, HKUrbanLabs, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
                [c ]Division of Landscape Architecture, Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
                [d ]Smart, Healthy Communities Initiative, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
                [e ]HKUrbanLabs, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: 614 Knowles Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
                Article
                S0160-4120(21)00090-8 106465
                10.1016/j.envint.2021.106465
                9754786
                33684736
                185d9c62-abb3-4f1a-903b-3d25e694f9ff
                © 2021 The Author(s)

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 27 November 2020
                : 8 February 2021
                : 9 February 2021
                Categories
                Article

                racial disparity,health disparity,sars-cov-2,covid-19,green space,mechanism

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