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      The Application of Timing in Therapy of Children and Adults with Language Disorders

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          Abstract

          A number of evidence revealed a link between temporal information processing (TIP) and language. Both literature data and results of our studies indicated an overlapping of deficient TIP and disordered language, pointing to the existence of an association between these two functions. On this background the new approach is to apply such knowledge in therapy of patients suffering from language disorders. In two studies we asked the following questions: (1) can the temporal training reduce language deficits in aphasic patients (Study 1) or in children with specific language impairment (SLI, Study 2)? (2) can such training ameliorate also the other cognitive functions? Each of these studies employed pre-training assessment, training application, post-training and follow-up assessment. In Study 1 we tested 28 patients suffering from post-stroke aphasia. They were assigned either to the temporal training (Group A, n = 15) in milliseconds range, or to the non-temporal training (Group B, n = 13). Following the training we found only in Group A improved TIP, accompanied by a transfer of improvement to language and working memory functions. In Study 2 we tested 32 children aged from 5 to 8 years, affected by SLI who were classified into the temporal training (Group A, n = 17) or non-temporal training (Group B, n = 15). Group A underwent the multileveled audio-visual computer training Dr. Neuronowski ®, recently developed in our laboratory. Group B performed the computer speech therapy exercises extended by playing computer games. Similarly as in Study 1, in Group A we found significant improvements of TIP, auditory comprehension and working memory. These results indicated benefits of temporal training for amelioration of language and other cognitive functions in both aphasic patients and children with SLI. The novel powerful therapy tools provide evidence for future promising clinical applications.

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          Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection?

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            Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech.

            A speech processing algorithm was developed to create more salient versions of the rapidly changing elements in the acoustic waveform of speech that have been shown to be deficiently processed by language-learning impaired (LLI) children. LLI children received extensive daily training, over a 4-week period, with listening exercises in which all speech was translated into this synthetic form. They also received daily training with computer "games" designed to adaptively drive improvements in temporal processing thresholds. Significant improvements in speech discrimination and language comprehension abilities were demonstrated in two independent groups of LLI children.
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              A hierarchical model of temporal perception.

              E Poppel (1997)
              Temporal perception comprises subjective phenomena such as simultaneity, successiveness, temporal order, subjective present, temporal continuity and subjective duration. These elementary temporal experiences are hierarchically related to each other. Functional system states with a duration of 30 ms are implemented by neuronal oscillations and they provide a mechanism to define successiveness. These system states are also responsible for the identification of basic events. For a sequential representation of several events time tags are allocated, resulting in an ordinal representation of such events. A mechanism of temporal integration binds successive events into perceptual units of 3 s duration. Such temporal integration, which is automatic and presemantic, is also operative in movement control and other cognitive activities. Because of the omnipresence of this integration mechanism it is used for a pragmatic definition of the subjective present. Temporal continuity is the result of a semantic connection between successive integration intervals. Subjective duration is known to depend on mental load and attentional demand, high load resulting in long time estimates. In the hierarchical model proposed, system states of 30 ms and integration intervals of 3 s, together with a memory store, provide an explanatory neuro-cognitive machinery for differential subjective duration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                12 November 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 1714
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Poland
                [2] 2University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw, Poland
                [3] 3Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Kajetany, Poland
                [4] 4Children’s Memorial Health Institute Warsaw, Poland
                [5] 5Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University Warsaw, Poland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Lihan Chen, Peking University, China

                Reviewed by: Xiangzhi Meng, Peking University, China; Ping Chen, Peking University, China

                *Correspondence: Elzbieta Szelags, e.szelag@ 123456nencki.gov.pl

                This article was submitted to Perception Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01714
                4642408
                26617547
                18ad40ac-c9f0-4a5e-82f1-a98b607be798
                Copyright © 2015 Szelag, Dacewicz, Szymaszek, Wolak, Senderski, Domitrz and Oron.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 05 July 2015
                : 26 October 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 18, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                temporal information processing,language,cognitive functions,aphasia,specific language disorder

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