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      La dieta como fuente de sulfuro de hidrógeno y sus efectos en la salud y la enfermedad Translated title: Diet as a source of hydrogen sulfide and its effects on health and disease

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          Abstract

          Resumen Conocido originalmente por sus efectos deletéreos en la salud, recientemente se ha reconocido al sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) como un gasotransmisor de importancia biológica, al igual que el óxido nítrico y el monóxido de carbono. El H2S puede producirse de forma endógena en las células de mamíferos por dos vías: la vía enzimática y la vía no enzimática. Cuando se produce por la vía enzimática, su síntesis se lleva a cabo a partir de los aminoácidos L-cisteína o metionina mediante transulfuración y transmetilación. También se puede producir el H2S a partir donadores de grupos sulfuro como, por ejemplo, compuestos orgánicos que se encuentran presentes en algunos vegetales. Actualmente es bien conocido el papel del H2S como protector a nivel cerebral y cardiaco, y cada vez adquiere mayor relevancia su estudio como coadyuvante terapéutico en padecimientos metabólicos como la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2. El objetivo de esta revisión es examinar cómo impacta el aporte de donadores y precursores del sulfuro de hidrógeno por la dieta en la salud y la enfermedad.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Initially known for its deleterious health effects, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a biologically important gas carrier, like nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. H2S is produced endogenously in mammalian cells by enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. When it is produced by the enzymatic pathway, its synthesis is carried out from the amino acid L-cysteine through the transsulfuration pathway. It can also be produced endogenously from exogenous compounds that function as H2S donors as, for example, the naturally occurring organic donors found in some plants. Currently, the role of H2S is well known as brain and cardiac protector, and its research as a therapeutic adjuvant in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type-2 diabetes is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this review is to examine how the contribution of donors and precursors of hydrogen sulfide by the diet impacts health and disease.

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          Most cited references45

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          The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator.

          Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is well known as a toxic gas, is produced endogenously from L-cysteine in mammalian tissues. H2S is present at relatively high levels in the brain, suggesting that it has a physiological function. Two other gases, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, are also endogenously produced and have been proposed as neuronal messengers in the brain. In this work we show the following: (1) an H2S-producing enzyme, cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), is highly expressed in the hippocampus; (2) CBS inhibitors hydroxylamine and amino-oxyacetate suppress the production of brain H2S; and (3) a CBS activator, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, enhances H2S production, indicating that CBS contributes to the production of endogenous H2S. We also show that physiological concentrations of H2S selectively enhance NMDA receptor-mediated responses and facilitate the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. These observations suggest that endogenous H2S functions as a neuromodulator in the brain.
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            Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic.

            The consumption of garlic is inversely correlated with the progression of cardiovascular disease, although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that human RBCs convert garlic-derived organic polysulfides into hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell signaling molecule. This H(2)S production, measured in real time by a novel polarographic H(2)S sensor, is supported by glucose-maintained cytosolic glutathione levels and is to a large extent reliant on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. H(2)S production from organic polysulfides is facilitated by allyl substituents and by increasing numbers of tethering sulfur atoms. Allyl-substituted polysulfides undergo nucleophilic substitution at the alpha carbon of the allyl substituent, thereby forming a hydropolysulfide (RS(n)H), a key intermediate during the formation of H(2)S. Organic polysulfides (R-S(n)-R'; n > 2) also undergo nucleophilic substitution at a sulfur atom, yielding RS(n)H and H(2)S. Intact aorta rings, under physiologically relevant oxygen levels, also metabolize garlic-derived organic polysulfides to liberate H(2)S. The vasoactivity of garlic compounds is synchronous with H(2)S production, and their potency to mediate relaxation increases with H(2)S yield, strongly supporting our hypothesis that H(2)S mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Our results also suggest that the capacity to produce H(2)S can be used to standardize garlic dietary supplements.
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              The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview.

              Methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino acids, but only the first 2 are incorporated into proteins. Sulfur belongs to the same group in the periodic table as oxygen but is much less electronegative. This difference accounts for some of the distinctive properties of the sulfur-containing amino acids. Methionine is the initiating amino acid in the synthesis of virtually all eukaryotic proteins; N-formylmethionine serves the same function in prokaryotes. Within proteins, many of the methionine residues are buried in the hydrophobic core, but some, which are exposed, are susceptible to oxidative damage. Cysteine, by virtue of its ability to form disulfide bonds, plays a crucial role in protein structure and in protein-folding pathways. Methionine metabolism begins with its activation to S-adenosylmethionine. This is a cofactor of extraordinary versatility, playing roles in methyl group transfer, 5'-deoxyadenosyl group transfer, polyamine synthesis, ethylene synthesis in plants, and many others. In animals, the great bulk of S-adenosylmethionine is used in methylation reactions. S-Adenosylhomocysteine, which is a product of these methyltransferases, gives rise to homocysteine. Homocysteine may be remethylated to methionine or converted to cysteine by the transsulfuration pathway. Methionine may also be metabolized by a transamination pathway. This pathway, which is significant only at high methionine concentrations, produces a number of toxic endproducts. Cysteine may be converted to such important products as glutathione and taurine. Taurine is present in many tissues at higher concentrations than any of the other amino acids. It is an essential nutrient for cats.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2023
                : 40
                : 5
                : 1088-1095
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pediatría orgdiv1Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental México
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameCinvestav-Unidad Coapa orgdiv1Departamento de Farmacobiología México
                Article
                S0212-16112023000600023 S0212-1611(23)04000500023
                10.20960/nh.04471
                1909a4e7-a446-4037-a47b-f1f7299be373

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 November 2022
                : 17 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
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                Dietary intake,Diet,Obesity,Type 2 diabetes,Sulfuro de hidrógeno,Alimentación,Obesidad,Diabetes de tipo 2,Hydrogen sulfide

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