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      Calixarenes: Generalities and Their Role in Improving the Solubility, Biocompatibility, Stability, Bioavailability, Detection, and Transport of Biomolecules

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          Abstract

          The properties and characteristics of calix[ n]arenes are described, as well as their capacity to form amphiphilic assemblies by means of the design of synthetic macrocycles with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Their interaction with various substances of interest in pharmacy, engineering, and medicine is also described. In particular, the role of the calix[ n]arenes in the detection of dopamine, the design of vesicles and liposomes employed in the manufacture of systems of controlled release drugs used in the treatment of cancer, and their role in improving the solubility of testosterone and anthelmintic drugs and the biocompatibility of biomaterials useful for the manufacture of synthetic organs is emphasized. The versatility of these macrocycles, able to vary in size, shape, functional groups, and hydrophobicity and to recognize various biomolecules and molecules with biological activity without causing cytotoxicity is highlighted.

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          Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review

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            Phthalocyanines as medicinal photosensitizers: Developments in the last five years

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              Multistimuli responsive supramolecular vesicles based on the recognition of p-Sulfonatocalixarene and its controllable release of doxorubicin.

              We report the novel construction of nanosupramolecular binary vesicles based on host-guest complex formation between p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and asymmetric viologen, which was identified by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic laser scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface tension experiments. The critical aggregation concentration of asymmetric viologen decreases pronouncedly by a factor of ca. 1000 owing to the complexation of p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the resulting vesicles can respond to multiple external stimuli, including temperature, host-guest inclusion, and redox. Methods of warming and inclusion of cyclodextrins were then employed to disrupt the vesicle architecture to release hydrophilic doxorubicin from the interior of the vesicle. Finally, cell experiments were performed to evaluate the cellular toxicity of the supramolecular binary vesicle and the anticancer efficiency of doxorubicin-loaded vesicle.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomolecules
                Biomolecules
                biomolecules
                Biomolecules
                MDPI
                2218-273X
                05 March 2019
                March 2019
                : 9
                : 3
                : 90
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Grupo GICRIM, Programa de Investigación Criminal, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Avenida Circunvalar No. 60-00, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
                [2 ]Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Cr. 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 111071, Colombia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: edilma.sanabria@ 123456docentes.umb.edu.co (E.S.E.); mmaldonadov@ 123456unal.edu.co (M.M.V.); Tel.: +57-1-5460600 (ext. 1153) (E.S.E.); +57-1-3165000 (ext. 14414) (M.M.V.)
                Article
                biomolecules-09-00090
                10.3390/biom9030090
                6468619
                30841659
                191aa6fb-e161-413c-a699-ed937a65676c
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 January 2019
                : 28 February 2019
                Categories
                Review

                calixarenes,complexion,amphiphilic assemblies,micelles,vesicles,liposomes,nanoparticles,encapsulation,transport of drugs,bioavailability,solubility of the drugs

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