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      Alkoholkonsum während der Schwangerschaft : Welche Auswirkungen auf die frühkindliche Entwicklung sind bekannt?

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Kinder sind bereits im Mutterleib sensitiv für Umwelteinflüsse. Pränataler Alkoholkonsum zählt dabei zu den einflussreichsten Risikofaktoren für die frühkindliche Entwicklung. Das Ziel ist es, einen Überblick über die aktuelle Forschungslage zum Thema Alkoholkonsum während der Schwangerschaft zu geben. Darüber hinaus wird der Forschungsstand zu Belastungen und Folgeschäden für die frühkindliche Entwicklung durch pränatale Alkoholexposition, aber auch zu weiteren Risikofaktoren zusammengefasst. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Wissen um die Prävalenz für Alkoholkonsum während der Schwangerschaft sowohl für die Erforschung der Folgen als auch für das Umsetzen von präventiven Maßnahmen ausschlaggebend ist. Die Prävalenzen unterscheiden sich nicht nur regional, sondern können auch durch andere Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Es wird deutlich, dass der Risikofaktor Alkohol und dessen mögliche Auswirkungen auf die frühkindliche Entwicklung nicht isoliert, sondern in Abhängigkeit von weiteren genetischen und Umweltfaktoren betrachtet werden müssen. Denn auch Folgen von weiteren perinatalen Risikofaktoren machen sich in den ersten beiden Lebensjahren bemerkbar. Beispiele für Entwicklungsstörungen in dieser Entwicklungsspanne sind externalisierendes Verhalten und kognitive Beeinträchtigungen. Inwieweit sich perinatale Risikofaktoren jedoch auf Entwicklungsverläufe von Kindern, die durch pränatalen Alkoholkonsum belastet sind, auswirken, erfasst eine umfassende Diskussion. Diese Lücke gilt es zu schließen um das Zusammenspiel perinataler Risiken genauer zu verstehen und adäquat entgegenwirken zu können.

          Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy: What Effects on Early Child Development Are Known?

          Abstract. Children are already sensitive to environmental influences in the womb. Prenatal alcohol consumption is one of the most influential risk factors in early child development. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current research on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. In addition, the state of research on the burden and consequential damage for infant development caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, but also on other known risk factors, is summarized. It is shown that knowledge about the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy is crucial for both research on consequences and the implementation of preventive measures. The prevalence differs not only regionally, but may also be influenced by other factors. The average prevalence of alcohol consumption in women during pregnancy is highest in Europe (25.2 %; 95 % CI = 21.6 – 29.6 %). A large number of pregnancies worldwide are alcohol-related, although alcohol is known to be a risk factor for stillbirths as well as for abortions and premature births and can lead to serious developmental problems for the child. Currently, there is no fixed limit on the amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy without any harm to the unborn child. Compared with minor consumption, so-called binge drinking is of particular importance. There is a linear relationship between pregnant women’s alcohol consumption and the severity of developmental disorders in affected children. Serious consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure can manifest themselves in early childhood, in the form of physical, neuropsychological, and behavioral abnormalities. In addition to anatomical implications, functional effects such as cognitive and behavioral problems are already noticeable in children up to the first 2 years of life. However, the exact pathogenesis is still unclear despite a large number of animal and human analyses. It is apparent that the risk factor of alcohol consumption and its potential effects on early child development should not be considered in isolation, but depending on other genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, it is now known that the consequences of other perinatal risk factors, apart from prenatal alcohol consumption, can already emerge during the first 2 years of life too. At the behavioral level, secondary effects of the prenatal risk factor of alcohol consumption and other perinatal risk factors mostly manifest themselves in the form of externalizing behaviors and cognitive deficits. However, the extent to which perinatal risk factors affect the course of development of children who are affected by prenatal alcohol consumption remains an unanswered question. This gap should be closed in the literature in order to understand the interaction of perinatal risks more accurately and to be able to counteract these risks adequately. The current state of knowledge is intended to help health professionals to identify at-risk mothers and their children at an early moment in order to give newborns the best possible start in life.

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          Fetal alcohol syndrome: embryogenesis in a mouse model.

          When two small doses of ethanol were administered to pregnant mice during the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis, the embryos developed craniofacial malformations closely resembling those seen in the human fetal alcohol syndrome. Striking histological changes appeared in the developing brain (neuroectoderm) within 24 hours of exposure. Decreased development of the neural plate and its derivatives apparently accounts for the craniofacial malformations. The critical exposure period is equivalent to the third week in human pregnancy.
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            Infant stress reactivity and prenatal alcohol exposure.

            Animal studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is linked to alterations in the stress response systems. To date, little is known about the impact of PAE on stress systems in human infants. The current study examined PAE effects on the stress response, as evidenced by the activation of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (L-HPA) axis and autonomic system and changes in negative affect during a social-emotional challenge in human infants. We also examined whether the effects of PAE on infant responsiveness differed in boys and girls. Measures of cortisol, heart rate, and negative affect were obtained during a modified version of Tronick's still-face procedure, a standardized developmental paradigm used to study emotion and stress regulation. Our sample included fifty-five 5- to 7-month-old infants whose mothers were enrolled in an alcohol intervention study. Measures of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and after delivery were obtained using Timeline Followback interviewing methods. Relationships between prenatal alcohol consumption and infant outcomes were examined. In addition, mothers were divided into high and low-frequency drinkers, based on the mean percent of prenatal drinking days (PDD) to facilitate between-group comparisons of infant stress measures. Mothers enrolled in our study reported significant reductions in alcohol consumption after learning of their pregnancies. Nevertheless, PDD from conception to pregnancy recognition was related to increases in cortisol reactivity, elevated heart rate, and negative affect in their infants. The effects of PAE on infant responsiveness were significant after controlling for the effects of maternal depression and annual income. In addition, the effects of PAE on cortisol reactivity differed for boys and girls. Greater PAE was related to greater activation of stress response systems. Our findings suggest that PAE affects the development of infant stress systems and that these effects differ in boys and girls. This work supports the possibility that PAE is related to alterations in infant stress systems, which could underlie problems in cognitive and social-emotional functioning that are common among persons exposed prenatally to alcohol.
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              Medical risks for women who drink alcohol.

              To summarize for clinicians recent epidemiologic evidence regarding medical risks of alcohol use for women. MEDLINE and PsychINFO, 1990 through 1996, were searched using key words "women" or "woman," and "alcohol." MEDLINE was also searched for other specific topics and authors from 1980 through 1996. Data were extracted and reviewed regarding levels of alcohol consumption associated with mortality, cardiovascular disease, alcohol-related liver disease, injury, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, fetal alcohol syndrome, spontaneous abortion, infertility, menstrual symptoms, breast cancer, and gynecologic malignancies. Gender-specific data from cohort studies of general population or large clinical samples are primarily reviewed. Women develop many alcohol-related medical problems at lower levels of consumption than men, probably reflecting women's lower total body water, gender differences in alcohol metabolism, and effects of alcohol on postmenopausal estrogen levels. Mortality and breast cancer are increased in women who report drinking more than two drinks daily. Higher levels of alcohol consumption by women are associated with increased menstrual symptoms, hypertension, and stroke. Women who drink heavily also appear to have increased infertility and spontaneous abortion. Adverse fetal effects occur after variable amounts of alcohol consumption, making any alcohol use during pregnancy potentially harmful. In general, advising nonpregnant women who drink alcohol to have fewer than two drinks daily is strongly supported by the epidemiologic literature, although specific recommendations for a particular woman should depend on her medical history and risk factors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                kie
                Kindheit und Entwicklung
                Zeitschrift für Klinische Kinderpsychologie
                kie
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                0942-5403
                2190-6246
                2019
                : 28
                : 1
                : 6-18
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
                Author notes
                Pia Römer, Dr. Tilman Reinelt, Prof. Dr. Franz Petermann, Dr. Claudia Teickner, Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen, Grazer Straße 6, 28359 Bremen, E-Mail proemer@ 123456uni-bremen.de
                Article
                kie_28_1_6
                10.1026/0942-5403/a000267
                197962bf-cb37-42e6-a198-b739a32e94cd
                Copyright @ 2019
                History
                Funding
                FörderungDas diesem Bericht zugrundeliegende Projekt wird mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung unter dem Förderkennzeichen 01NV1601C von 2016 – 2020 gefördert. Kofinanziert wird das Projekt von der Stadtgemeinde Bremen und der Jacobs Foundation (Zürich).
                Categories
                Übersicht

                Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                alcohol consumption,pregnancy,risk factors,early child development,prevention,Alkoholkonsum,Schwangerschaft,Risikofaktoren,frühkindliche Entwicklung,Prävention

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