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      Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation.

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          Abstract

          SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
          Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR
          American Society for Microbiology
          1098-5557
          1092-2172
          Mar 27 2024
          : 88
          : 1
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
          [2 ] State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.
          [3 ] Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
          [4 ] National Reserve "Sophia of Kyiv", Kyiv, Ukraine.
          [5 ] Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy.
          [6 ] Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
          Article
          10.1128/mmbr.00200-22
          10966957
          38179930
          19ad8107-3dd1-489a-9a28-e16bafe5c1be
          History

          extremophily,fungi,biodeterioration,bioprotection,cultural heritage

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