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      Placebo-controlled evaluation of a modified life virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis: safety and efficacy under field conditions

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          Abstract

          A modified live virus vaccine against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled field trial in two high-risk populations. The vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious in one population of cats that had low antibody titre against feline coronavirus (FCoV) at the time of vaccination. Although clinically healthy at the time of vaccination, retrospectively some vaccinees that later came down with FIP were found to be RT-PCR positive for FCoV in plasma and showed changes in blood parameters consistent with early stage of FIP. It is concluded that vaccination can protect cats with no or low FCoV antibody titres and that in some cats vaccine failure was probably due to pre-existing infection.

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          Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins.

          T R Mosmann, H Cherwinski, M Bond … (1986)
          A panel of antigen-specific mouse helper T cell clones was characterized according to patterns of lymphokine activity production, and two types of T cell were distinguished. Type 1 T helper cells (TH1) produced IL 2, interferon-gamma, GM-CSF, and IL 3 in response to antigen + presenting cells or to Con A, whereas type 2 helper T cells (TH2) produced IL 3, BSF1, and two other activities unique to the TH2 subset, a mast cell growth factor distinct from IL 3 and a T cell growth factor distinct from IL 2. Clones representing each type of T cell were characterized, and the pattern of lymphokine activities was consistent within each set. The secreted proteins induced by Con A were analyzed by biosynthetic labeling and SDS gel electrophoresis, and significant differences were seen between the two groups of T cell line. Both types of T cell grew in response to alternating cycles of antigen stimulation, followed by growth in IL 2-containing medium. Examples of both types of T cell were also specific for or restricted by the I region of the MHC, and the surface marker phenotype of the majority of both types was Ly-1+, Lyt-2-, L3T4+, Both types of helper T cell could provide help for B cells, but the nature of the help differed. TH1 cells were found among examples of T cell clones specific for chicken RBC and mouse alloantigens. TH2 cells were found among clones specific for mouse alloantigens, fowl gamma-globulin, and KLH. The relationship between these two types of T cells and previously described subsets of T helper cells is discussed.
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            The biology and pathogenesis of coronaviruses.

            V ter Meulen, S Siddell, H Wege (1981)
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              Early death after feline infectious peritonitis virus challenge due to recombinant vaccinia virus immunization.

              W Spaan, M C Horzinek, Robert P J de Lange … (1990)
              The gene encoding the fusogenic spike protein of the coronavirus causing feline infectious peritonitis was recombined into the genome of vaccinia virus. The recombinant induced spike-protein-specific, in vitro neutralizing antibodies in mice. When kittens were immunized with the recombinant, low titers of neutralizing antibodies were obtained. After challenge with feline infectious peritonitis virus, these animals succumbed earlier than did the control group immunized with wild-type vaccinia virus (early death syndrome).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vaccine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vaccine
                Title: Vaccine
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0264-410X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2518
                Publication date PMC-release: 5 January 1998
                Publication date (Print): July 1997
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 January 1998
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1101-1109
                Affiliations
                [∗ ]Clinical Laboratory, Department of Internal Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
                [‡ ]Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                [§ ]Department of Veterinary Virology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                []To whom correspondence should be addressed.
                [†]

                Present address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland

                Article
                Publisher ID: S0264-410X(97)00006-6
                DOI: 10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00006-6
                PMC ID: 7131199
                PubMed ID: 9269053
                SO-VID: 19bd270c-63dd-4a25-9dfd-eb59fa826269
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 1997 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 26 June 1996
                Date revision received : 1 November 1996
                Date accepted : 12 December 1996
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: fip,coronavirus,vaccine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: fip, coronavirus, vaccine

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