Mental health responses to COVID-19 around the world <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Respuestas en salud mental frente a la COVID-19 alrededor del mundo </span> <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: 全世界对COVID-19的心理健康反应 </span>

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ABSTRACT

Background: The mental health impact of the COVID-19 crisis may differ from previously studied stressful events in terms of psychological reactions, specific risk factors, and symptom severity across geographic regions worldwide.

Objective: To assess the impact of COVID-19 on a wide range of mental health symptoms, to identify relevant risk factors, to identify the effect of COVID-19 country impact on mental health, and to evaluate regional differences in psychological responses to COVID-19 compared to other stressful events.

Method: 7034 respondents (74% female) participated in the worldwide Global Psychotrauma Screen – Cross-Cultural responses to COVID-19 study (GPS-CCC), reporting on mental health symptoms related to COVID-19 ( n = 1838) or other stressful events ( n = 5196) from April to November 2020.

Results: Events related to COVID-19 were associated with more mental health symptoms compared to other stressful events, especially symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and dissociation. Lack of social support, psychiatric history, childhood trauma, additional stressful events in the past month, and low resilience predicted more mental health problems for COVID-19 and other stressful events. Higher COVID-19 country impact was associated with increased mental health impact of both COVID-19 and other stressful events. Analysis of differences across geographic regions revealed that in Latin America more mental health symptoms were reported for COVID-19 related events versus other stressful events, while the opposite pattern was seen in North America.

Conclusions: The mental health impact of COVID-19-related stressors covers a wide range of symptoms and is more severe than that of other stressful events. This difference was especially apparent in Latin America. The findings underscore the need for global screening for a wide range of mental health problems as part of a public health approach, allowing for targeted prevention and intervention programs.

HIGHLIGHTS

In a large global sample, COVID-19 was associated with more severe mental health symptoms compared to other stressful or traumatic events.
The impact of COVID-19 on mental health differed around the world with an especially large impact in Latin America.

Translated abstract

Antecedentes: El impacto de la crisis por la COVID-19 sobre la salud mental podría diferir de otros eventos estresantes estudiados con anterioridad en relación con reacciones psicológicas, factores de riesgo específicos y severidad de síntomas en diferentes regiones geográficas alrededor del mundo.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la COVID-19 sobre una amplia variedad de síntomas de salud mental, identificar los factores de riesgo relevantes, identificar el efecto que el impacto de la COVID-19 sobre un país ejerce, a su vez, sobre la salud mental, y evaluar las diferencias regionales en las respuestas psicológicas a la COVID-19 comparadas con otros eventos estresantes.

Método: 7034 encuestados (74 % mujeres) participaron en el Mapeo Global de Psicotrauma – Estudio de Respuestas Transculturales frente a la COVID-19 (GPS–CCC, por sus siglas en ingles), reportando síntomas de salud mental relacionados a la COVID-19 (n = 1838) u otros eventos estresantes (n = 5196) de abril a noviembre del 2020.

Resultados: Los eventos relacionados a la COVID-19 se asociaron con un mayor número de síntomas de salud mental comparados con otros eventos estresantes, especialmente con síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático, ansiedad, depresión, insomnio, y disociación. La falta de apoyo social, los antecedentes psiquiátricos, el trauma infantil, los eventos estresantes adicionales ocurridos en el último mes y una baja resiliencia predijeron tener mayores problemas de salud mental por la COVID-19 y otros eventos estresantes. Un impacto más alto ejercido por la COVID-19 sobre un país se asoció, a su vez, con un mayor impacto sobre la salud mental, tanto por la COVID-19 como por otros eventos estresantes. Un análisis de las diferencias entre regiones geográficas reveló que en Latinoamérica se reportaron más síntomas de salud mental asociados a eventos relacionados con la COVID-19 en comparación con otros eventos estresantes, mientras que se observó un patrón opuesto en América del Norte.

Conclusiones: El impacto de los estresores asociados a la COVID-19 sobre la salud mental abarca un amplio rango de síntomas y es más severo que otros eventos estresantes. Esta diferencia fue especialmente evidente en Latinoamérica. Estos hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de un tamizaje global para detectar una amplia gama de problemas de salud mental como parte de un enfoque de salud pública, permitiendo programas específicos de prevención e intervención.

Translated abstract

背景: 在世界各地, COVID-19危机对心理健康的影响可能与对先前研究的压力事件, 特定风险因素和症状严重程度的心理反应有所不同。

目的: 评估COVID-19对广泛心理健康症状的影响, 确定相关风险因素, 确定COVID-19国家对心理健康的影响, 并评估与其他压力事件相比对COVID-19的心理反应。

方法: 7034名受访者 (74％为女性) 在2020年4月至11月期间参加了世界范围的‘全球心理创伤筛查’—对COVID-19的跨文化反应研究 (GPS-CCC), 报告了COVID-19相关 (n = 1838) 或其他压力事件相关 (n = 5196) 的心理健康症状。

结果: 相较于其他压力事件, COVID-19相关事件与更多的心理健康症状相关, 尤其是PTSD, 焦虑, 抑郁, 失眠和解离症状。缺乏社会支持, 精神病史, 童年创伤, 在过去一个月中出现了更多的压力事件, 和低心理韧性, 预测了更多COVID-19和其他压力事件相关的心理健康问题。更高的 COVID-19国家影响与COVID-19和其他压力事件对心理健康的更大影响都相关。跨地区的差异分析表明, 在拉丁美洲报告了比其他压力事件更多的COVID-19相关事件的心理健康症状, 而在北美则相反。

结论: COVID-19相关压力源对心理健康的影响涵盖了一系列广泛症状, 并且比其他压力事件更为严重。这种差异在拉丁美洲尤为明显。结果强调了考虑到针对性预防和干预计划, 需要把对广泛心理健康问题进行全球筛查作为公共卫生方法一部分。

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Most cited references 57

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Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

Emily A. Holmes, Rory C O'Connor, V. Perry … (2020)

Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on all aspects of society, including mental health and physical health. We explore the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19 and set out the immediate priorities and longer-term strategies for mental health science research. These priorities were informed by surveys of the public and an expert panel convened by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the mental health research charity, MQ: Transforming Mental Health, in the first weeks of the pandemic in the UK in March, 2020. We urge UK research funding agencies to work with researchers, people with lived experience, and others to establish a high level coordination group to ensure that these research priorities are addressed, and to allow new ones to be identified over time. The need to maintain high-quality research standards is imperative. International collaboration and a global perspective will be beneficial. An immediate priority is collecting high-quality data on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across the whole population and vulnerable groups, and on brain function, cognition, and mental health of patients with COVID-19. There is an urgent need for research to address how mental health consequences for vulnerable groups can be mitigated under pandemic conditions, and on the impact of repeated media consumption and health messaging around COVID-19. Discovery, evaluation, and refinement of mechanistically driven interventions to address the psychological, social, and neuroscientific aspects of the pandemic are required. Rising to this challenge will require integration across disciplines and sectors, and should be done together with people with lived experience. New funding will be required to meet these priorities, and it can be efficiently leveraged by the UK's world-leading infrastructure. This Position Paper provides a strategy that may be both adapted for, and integrated with, research efforts in other countries.

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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

Jiaqi Xiong, Orly Lipsitz, Flora Nasri … (2020)

Highlights • The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. • Relatively high rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, and stress were reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. • Common risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19. • Mitigation of COVID-19 induced psychological distress requires government intervention and individual efforts.

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COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence

Nina Vindegaard, Michael Eriksen Benros (2020)

Highlights • COVID-19 patients displayed high levels of PTSS and increased levels of depression. • Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms. • Higher levels of psychiatric symptoms were found among health care workers. • A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public. • However, well conducted large-scale studies are highly needed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Psychotraumatol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Psychotraumatol

Title: European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

ISSN (Print): 2000-8198

ISSN (Electronic): 2000-8066

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 30 June 2021

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2021

Volume: 12

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 1929754

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health; , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[b ]ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre; , Diemen, The Netherlands

[c ]Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia; , Depok, Indonesia

[d ]Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); , São Paulo, Brazil

[e ]Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD); , Padua, Italy

[f ]Department of International Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology; , Washington, DC, USA

[g ]School of Community Service, St. Lawrence College; , Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Author notes

CONTACT Miranda Olff m.olff@ 123456amsterdamumc.nl Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC; , Meibergdreef 5, 1005AZAmsterdam, The Netherlands

[*]

These authors contributed equally to this work

[†]

GPS-CCC consortium members are:

Helene F. Aakvaag, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway

Dean Ajdukovic, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, ORCID 0000-0001-9223-360X

Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, Psychology Program, University of Nicosia, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus, 0000-0002-3993-8229

Anne Bakker, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ORCID 0000-0002-3248-2441

Erine E. Bröcker, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, ORCID 0000-0002-9861-9527

Lucia Cantoni, University of Padua, Department of Phylosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Padua, Italy.

Marylene Cloitre, National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA, ORCID 0000-0001-8029-1570

Erik LJL de Soir, Department of Scientific and Technological Research, Royal Higher Institute of Defence, Belgium, ORCID 0000-0002-0770-1614

Małgorzata Dragan, Facultry of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, ORCID 0000-0001-8221-2012

Atle Dyregrov, Center for crisis psychology, University of Bergen, Norway, ORCID 0000-0003-3281-030X

Wissam El-Hage, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France,

Julian D Ford, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Dept Psychiatry, Farmignton CT, USA, ORCID 0000-0001-7923-0658

Juanita A Haagsma, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Jana D Javakhishvili, ILia State University, School of Arts and Science, Tbilisi, Georgia, ORCID 0000-0003-0196-7582

Nancy Kassam-Adams, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Injury Research & Prevention, Philadelphia, USA, ORCID 0000-0001-7412-142

Christian H Kristensen, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, ORCID 0000-0002-8273-2146

Rachel Langevin, McGill University, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Montréal, Canada, ORCID 0000-0002-7671-745X

Juliana A Lanza, Traumatic Stress Unit, Alvear Hospital - Human Factors SAME, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

Brigitte Lueger-Schuster, University of Vienna, Faculty of Psychology, Unit of Psychotraumatology, Vienna, Austria, ORCID 0000-0003-0784-8437

Leister SS Manickam, Centre for Applied Psychological Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India,

Davide Marengo, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy, ORCID 0000-0002-7107-0810

Marcelo, F, Mello, Department of Psyhchiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, ORCID 0000-0002-0475-4729

Angela Nickerson, School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia, ORCID 0000-0001-9171-4209

Misari Oe, Department of Psychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, ORCID 0000-0003-4550-036X

Mihriban Heval Ozgen, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands, ORCID 0000-0002-8933-7122

Daniela Rabellino, Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, ORCID 0000-0002-3914-7363

Luisa Sales, Centro De Trauma, CES, University of Coimbra, and Hospital Militar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 3000-995

Carolina Salgado, Universidad Catolica del Maule, Department of Psychiatry, Talca, Chile, ORCID 0000-0003-1886-8273

Julia Schellong, Medical Faculty, Clinic of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Technical University Dresden, ORCID 0000-0001-7614-3225

Ulrich Schnyder, University of Zurich, Switzerland, ORCID 0000-0003-3556-7990

Soraya Seedat, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, ORCID 0000-0002-5118-786X

Nadezhda B Semenova, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, ORCID 0000-0002-6120-7860

Andrew J Smith, University of Utah School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Sjacko Sobczak, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands, ORCID 0000-0001-6351-0479

Jackie June ter Heide, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centrum, Diemen, The Netherlands, ORCID 0000-0001-7593- 4359

Carmelo Vazquez, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain, ORCID 0000-0003-1796-2161

Janaina Videira Pinto, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia, ORCID 0000-0002-3976-5196

Anne C Wagner, Remedy, Canada, ORCID 0000-0002-6261-0133

Li Wang, Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, ORCID 0000-0002-1459-3412

Irina Zrnic, University of Vienna, Faculty of Psychology, Unit of Psychotraumatology, Vienna, Austria, ORCID 0000-0002-8583-7234

Author information

Miranda Olff https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-9515

Indira Primasari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-0580

Yulan Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-7330

Bruno M. Coimbra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-9625

Ani Hovnanyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0400-6827

Emma Grace https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4593-6358

Rachel E. Williamson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8345-5136

Chris M. Hoeboer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5991-1963

Article

Publisher ID: 1929754

DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1929754

PMC ID: 8253206

PubMed ID: 34262666

SO-VID: 19e7aea4-8c2f-4438-961f-55d81210a400

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mental health responses to COVID-19 around the world Translated title: Respuestas en salud mental frente a la COVID-19 alrededor del mundo Translated title: 全世界对COVID-19的心理健康反应

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 57

Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence

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