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      Application of the high-speed self-reversal background corrector to the determination of cadmium by chemical vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry

      1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2
      Canadian Journal of Chemistry
      Canadian Science Publishing

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          A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population.

          Cadmium is a non-essential element that has high rates of soil to plant transference compared with other non-essential elements, and certain plant species accumulate large amounts of cadmium from low cadmium content soils. In this paper, levels of cadmium found in major food groups are highlighted together with cadmium levels found in liver and kidney samples from non-occupationally exposed populations. Data on human kidney cadmium levels identified recently, including the study in our own laboratory, are compared with older studies. Human-tissue cadmium contents showed large variations among individuals, but sources of the variation remain unknown. Exposure levels of 30-50 microg per day have been estimated for adults and these levels have been linked to increased risk of bone fracture, cancer, kidney dysfunction and hypertension. Increased mortality was found among individuals showing signs of cadmium renal toxicity compared with those without such signs, suggesting that renal toxicity may be an early warning of complications, sub-clinical or clinical morbidity.
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            Adverse Health Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-Level Cadmium in Foodstuffs and Cigarette Smoke

            Cadmium is a cumulative nephrotoxicant that is absorbed into the body from dietary sources and cigarette smoking. The levels of Cd in organs such as liver and kidney cortex increase with age because of the lack of an active biochemical process for its elimination coupled with renal reabsorption. Recent research has provided evidence linking Cd-related kidney dysfunction and decreases in bone mineral density in nonoccupationally exposed populations who showed no signs of nutritional deficiency. This challenges the previous view that the concurrent kidney and bone damage seen in Japanese itai-itai disease patients was the result of Cd toxicity in combination with nutritional deficiencies, notably, of zinc and calcium. Further, such Cd-linked bone and kidney toxicities were observed in people whose dietary Cd intakes were well within the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives of 1 μg/kg body weight/day or 70 μg/day. This evidence points to the much-needed revision of the current PTWI for Cd. Also, evidence for the carcinogenic risk of chronic Cd exposure is accumulating and Cd effects on reproductive outcomes have begun to emerge.
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              Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: A review

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Canadian Journal of Chemistry
                Can. J. Chem.
                Canadian Science Publishing
                0008-4042
                1480-3291
                October 2012
                October 2012
                : 90
                : 10
                : 874-879
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Université Lille Nord de France, 1bis rue Georges Lefèvre, 59044 Lille CEDEX, France.
                [2 ]Groupe ISA, Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE) Lille Nord de France (EA 4515), 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille CEDEX, France.
                Article
                10.1139/v2012-082
                19ecfc34-cd67-47b3-bfe7-830c14699d24
                © 2012

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