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      Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Bitter Almond

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          Abstract

          The essential oil from the powder residual of dried bitter almond, a novel and environmentally-friendly fungicide, was successfully extracted in a 0.7% yield by hydro-distillation under optimized conditions. The chemical composition of bitter almond essential oil (BAEO) was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Twenty-one different components representing 99.90% of the total essential oil were identified, of which benzaldehyde (62.52%), benzoic acid (14.80%), and hexadecane (3.97%) were the most abundant components. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of BAEO against common plant pathogenic fungi were evaluated by the mycelium linear growth rate method and pot test, respectively. It was documented that 1 mg/mL of BAEO could variously inhibit all tested pathogenic fungi with the inhibition rates of 44.8%~100%. Among the tested 19 strains of fungi, the median effective concentration (EC 50) values of BAEO against Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria solani were only 50.2 and 103.2 μg/mL, respectively, which were higher than those of other fungi. The in vivo antifungal activity of BAEO against Gloeosporium orbiculare was much higher than Blumeria graminis. The protective efficacy for the former was up to 98.07% at 10 mg/mL and the treatment efficacy was 93.41% at 12 mg/mL. The above results indicated that BAEO has the great potential to be developed as a botanical and agricultural fungicide.

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          Antifungal activity of lemongrass (Cympopogon citratus L.) essential oil against key postharvest pathogens

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            Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells.

            Prostate cancer is one of the most common non-skin cancers in men. Amygdalin is one of the nitrilosides, natural cyanide-containing substances abundant in the seeds of plants of the prunasin family that have been used to treat cancers and relieve pain. In particular, D-amygdalin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-gentiobioside) is known to exhibit selective killing effect on cancer cells. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is an important mechanism in cancer treatment. In the present study, we prepared the aqueous extract of the amygdalin from Armeniacae semen and investigated whether this extract induces apoptotic cell death in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. In the present results, DU145 and LNCaP cells treated with amygdalin exhibited several morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Treatment with amygdalin increased expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, decreased expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, and increased caspase-3 enzyme activity in DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Here, we have shown that amygdalin induces apoptotic cell death in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by caspase-3 activation through down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax. The present study reveals that amygdalin may offer a valuable option for the treatment of prostate cancers.
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              Chemical Composition of Bitter and Sweet Apricot Kernels

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                29 August 2016
                September 2016
                : 17
                : 9
                : 1421
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; yuxinchi121@ 123456163.com (X.Y.); ailin_lu@ 123456163.com (A.L.); 18700809193@ 123456163.com (H.C.); zhoubohang@ 123456nwsuaf.edu.cn (B.Z.)
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: genghuiling@ 123456nwsuaf.edu.cn (H.G.); zhoulechem@ 123456nwsuaf.edu.cn (L.Z.); zhaozh@ 123456nwsuaf.edu.cn (Z.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-29-8709-2226 (H.G.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                ijms-17-01421
                10.3390/ijms17091421
                5037700
                27589723
                19f77c19-51af-4c2b-87c3-87041bbb21f1
                © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 April 2016
                : 19 August 2016
                Categories
                Article

                Molecular biology
                bitter almond,essential oil,gc-ms,chemical composition,antifungal activity
                Molecular biology
                bitter almond, essential oil, gc-ms, chemical composition, antifungal activity

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