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      Revisión bibliográfica exploratoria sobre los criterios de aptitud en conductores profesionales con enfermedad psiquiátrica Translated title: Literature review on the fitness criteria of professional drivers with mental disorders

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          Abstract

          Criterios de aptitud en conductores con patología mental Introducción: La OMS estima que los accidentes de tráfico y las enfermedades mentales serán los principales problemas de salud en el primer tercio del S. XXI. El RD 818/2009 (Reglamento General de Conductores (BOE)) dispone que es indispensable para la obtención de los permisos y licencias de conducción reunir unos determinados requisitos de aptitud psicofísica. Las pruebas psicotécnicas homologadas en España son: ASDE Driver Test N-845, L.N.DETER 100 y Coordinator 2000. Objetivos: Conocer el efecto en la capacidad de conducción de las personas con patología mental y la normativa de aplicación en la valoración de la aptitud de los conductores profesionales. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos y bibliotecas y de una recopilación de 909 artículos, se seleccionaron para lectura a texto completo 17. Se clasificaron por grupos de enfermedades mentales según el modelo del RD 818/2009 del Reglamento General de Conductores, que las clasifica en 11 grupos de los que analizamos 8, por considerarlos de más relevancia. Resultados: El RD 818/2009, regula de manera estricta la aptitud o no en enfermos mentales. Aproximadamente el 80% de los pacientes con enfermedades mentales no pasa los test psico-técnicos, a no ser que sean patologías leves con poca sintomatología, y el paciente tenga un informe favorable del psiquiatra o psicólogo. Conclusiones: El Reglamento General de Conductores dispone que las limitaciones para conducir sean acreditadas por un especialista. No se encuentra suficiente evidencia sobre si los test psico-técnicos utilizados en las pruebas de aptitud psicofísicas son suficientemente sensibles y específicos para la detección de trastornos mentales. Existe el deber moral del paciente de informar al médico, si su patología pone en peligro la seguridad vial, pero no la obligación legal.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: WHO estimates that traffic accidents and mental disorders will be the main health problems in the first third of the XXI Century. The Spanish Law for drivers (RD 818/2009 Reglamento General de Conductores) mentions the necessity of meeting certain psychophysical requirements to obtain a driving license. Psychological tests approved in Spain are: ASDE Driver Test N-845, 100 and Coordinator LNDETER 2000. Objectives: Investigate the driving ability of people with mental disorders and know the legal aspects of professional drivers' fitness assessment. Methods: We conducted a research in different databases, libraries and out of a collection of 909 articles, 17 of them were selected for full revision. Mental disorders were classified according to Spanish regulation for drivers into 11 groups. We selected 8, because we considered them to be the most relevant. Results: RD 818/2009 strictly regulates the fitness for work of patients with mental disorders. Around 80% of patients with mental disorders do not pass the fitness tests, unless they have few symptoms, or those patients who have a favourable psychiatrist or psychologist report. Conclusions: The Spanish Law for drivers mentions that driving limitations must be accredited by a specialized physician. There is not enough evidence of the sensitivity and specificity of psycho-technical tests used in detecting mental disorders. The patient has a moral duty to inform his doctor about his pathology if it implies danger for others, but there is not a legal obligation.

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          Most cited references36

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          Predictors of driving safety in early Alzheimer disease.

          To measure the association of cognition, visual perception, and motor function with driving safety in Alzheimer disease (AD). Forty drivers with probable early AD (mean Mini-Mental State Examination score 26.5) and 115 elderly drivers without neurologic disease underwent a battery of cognitive, visual, and motor tests, and drove a standardized 35-mile route in urban and rural settings in an instrumented vehicle. A composite cognitive score (COGSTAT) was calculated for each subject based on eight neuropsychological tests. Driving safety errors were noted and classified by a driving expert based on video review. Drivers with AD committed an average of 42.0 safety errors/drive (SD = 12.8), compared to an average of 33.2 (SD = 12.2) for drivers without AD (p < 0.0001); the most common errors were lane violations. Increased age was predictive of errors, with a mean of 2.3 more errors per drive observed for each 5-year age increment. After adjustment for age and gender, COGSTAT was a significant predictor of safety errors in subjects with AD, with a 4.1 increase in safety errors observed for a 1 SD decrease in cognitive function. Significant increases in safety errors were also found in subjects with AD with poorer scores on Benton Visual Retention Test, Complex Figure Test-Copy, Trail Making Subtest-A, and the Functional Reach Test. Drivers with Alzheimer disease (AD) exhibit a range of performance on tests of cognition, vision, and motor skills. Since these tests provide additional predictive value of driving performance beyond diagnosis alone, clinicians may use these tests to help predict whether a patient with AD can safely operate a motor vehicle.
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            Risky driving in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD.

            To examine risky driving behaviors and negative driving outcomes in a large sample of adolescents and adults diagnosed in childhood with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) compared with demographically similar controls without ADHD. 355 adolescents and young adults of the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS) (n = 203 probands; n = 152 controls) were administered the Young Adult Driving Questionnaire. Parent and self-report of current ADHD symptoms and conduct problems were tested as potential mediators of the association between childhood ADHD and negative driving outcomes. ADHD group differences, of small to medium effect size, were found for number of tickets and accidents, and hyperactivity-impulsivity at follow-up emerged as a significant mediator of this association. Current conduct problems were associated with both risky and alcohol-impaired driving. Childhood ADHD elevates risk for driving-related problems, especially when symptoms persist. Co-occurring conduct problems capture some of this risk.
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              Vigilance and automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea or narcolepsy.

              Patients with obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy report difficulty remaining alert and attentive. To detect impaired vigilance, we designed Steer Clear, a computer program simulating a long and monotonous highway drive that presents 780 obstacles in 30 min. Sixty-two patients with sleep apnea hit a higher percentage of obstacles (4.3 +/- 0.6% [SEM]) than 12 age- and sex-matched subjects without sleep apnea (1.4 +/- 0.3%; p 4.5% of obstacles) had a significantly higher auto accident rate than the patients who performed normally (hitting < 1.8%). We conclude: (1) Patients with sleep apnea or narcolepsy performed more poorly on a test of vigilance, Steer Clear, than did control subjects; (2) Impaired vigilance as measured by Steer Clear is associated with a high automobile accident rate in patients with either sleep apnea or narcolepsy.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mesetra
                Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo
                Med. segur. trab.
                Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0465-546X
                1989-7790
                March 2011
                : 57
                : 222
                : 41-62
                Affiliations
                [03] Gijón orgnameHospital Cabueñes orgdiv1Unidad Docente de Asturias España
                [01] Bilbao orgnameHospital Basurto orgdiv1Unidad Docente de Euzkadi España
                [02] Oviedo orgnameHospital Universitario Central Asturias orgdiv1Unidad Docente de Asturias España
                [04] Toledo orgnameFremap orgdiv1Unidad Docente de Castilla La Mancha España
                Article
                S0465-546X2011000100006
                10.4321/s0465-546x2011000100006
                1a08468d-da4d-4ee3-8028-ac78370aa0fb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 January 2011
                : 16 February 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Accidentes de tráfico,Aptitud,Mental disorders,Automobile Driving,Traffic accidents,Aptitude,Trastornos mentales,Conducción de automóviles

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