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      Effects of Synergistic Massage and Physical Exercise on the Expression of Angiogenic Markers in Rat Tendons

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          Abstract

          Physical exercise and massage are regarded as key factors in regulating tendon structure. However, information on the mechanism through which massage influences the structure and biology of a tendon is scarce. In this study, we attempted to define the impact of these two activities on rat tendons by using morphological and molecular techniques, determining the expression of VEGF-A, FGF-2, and CD34 in the tendons of rats subjected to 10 weeks of physical exercise (running) with massage of varied duration. The group of rats that was trained and massaged during the entire study was characterized by the highest expression of these markers, compared to the rats subjected to massage before training and to the control group subjected to physical exercises only. The greatest significant differences, compared to the control, were noted in the expression of all the studied markers at mRNA level, and in the case of VEGF-A, at protein level, in the third and fifth weeks of the experiment. The results of this study could point to the synergistic impact of simultaneous massage and physical exercise on the expression of angiogenesis markers in rat tendons.

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          Structure of the tendon connective tissue.

          P Kannus (2000)
          Tendons consist of collagen (mostly type I collagen) and elastin embedded in a proteoglycan-water matrix with collagen accounting for 65-80% and elastin approximately 1-2% of the dry mass of the tendon. These elements are produced by tenoblasts and tenocytes, which are the elongated fibroblasts and fibrocytes that lie between the collagen fibers, and are organized in a complex hierarchical scheme to form the tendon proper. Soluble tropocollagen molecules form cross-links to create insoluble collagen molecules which then aggregate progressively into microfibrils and then into electronmicroscopically clearly visible units, the collagen fibrils. A bunch of collagen fibrils forms a collagen fiber, which is the basic unit of a tendon. A fine sheath of connective tissue called endotenon invests each collagen fiber and binds fibers together. A bunch of collagen fibers forms a primary fiber bundle, and a group of primary fiber bundles forms a secondary fiber bundle. A group of secondary fiber bundles, in turn, forms a tertiary bundle, and the tertiary bundles make up the tendon. The entire tendon is surrounded by a fine connective tissue sheath called epitenon. The three-dimensional ultrastructure of tendon fibers and fiber bundles is complex. Within one collagen fiber, the fibrils are oriented not only longitudinally but also transversely and horizontally. The longitudinal fibers do not run only parallel but also cross each other, forming spirals. Some of the individual fibrils and fibril groups form spiral-type plaits. The basic function of the tendon is to transmit the force created by the muscle to the bone, and, in this way, make joint movement possible. The complex macro- and microstructure of tendons and tendon fibers make this possible. During various phases of movements, the tendons are exposed not only to longitudinal but also to transversal and rotational forces. In addition, they must be prepared to withstand direct contusions and pressures. The above-described three-dimensional internal structure of the fibers forms a buffer medium against forces of various directions, thus preventing damage and disconnection of the fibers.
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            Molecular and biological properties of vascular endothelial growth factor.

            N Ferrara (1999)
            Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a fundamental regulator of normal and abnormal angiogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that VEGF is essential for embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, VEGF is required for the cyclical blood vessel proliferation in the female reproductive tract and for longitudinal bone growth and endochondral bone formation. Substantial experimental evidence also implicates VEGF in pathological angiogenesis. Anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies or other VEGF inhibitors block the growth of many tumor cell lines in nude mice. Furthermore, the concentrations of VEGF are elevated in the aqueous and vitreous humors of patients with proliferative retinopathies such as the diabetic retinopathy. In addition, VEGF-induced angiogenesis results in a therapeutic benefit in several animal models of myocardial or limb ischemia. Currently, both therapeutic angiogenesis using recombinant VEGF or VEGF gene transfer and inhibition of VEGF-mediated pathological angiogenesis are being pursued.
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              Mechanobiology of force transduction in dermal tissue.

              Frederick Silver, Lorraine Siperko, Gurinder Seehra (2003)
              The influence of mechanical forces on skin has been examined since 1861 when Langer first reported the existence of lines of tension in cadaver skin. Internal tension in the dermis is not only passively transferred to the epidermis but also gives rise to active cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell mechanical interactions that may be an important part of the homeostatic processes that are involved in normal skin metabolism. The purpose of this review is to analyse how internal and external mechanical loads are applied at the macromolecular and cellular levels in the epidermis and dermis. A review of the literature suggests that internal and external forces applied to dermal cells appear to be involved in mechanochemical transduction processes involving both cell-cell and cell-extra-cellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Internal forces present in dermis are the result of passive tension that is incorporated into the collagen fiber network during development. Active tension generated by fibroblasts involves specific interactions between cell membrane integrins and macromolecules found in the ECM, especially collagen fibrils. Forces appear to be transduced at the cell-ECM interface via re-arrangement of cytoskeletal elements, activation of stretch-induced changes in ion channels, cell contraction at adherens junctions, activation of cell membrane-associated secondary messenger pathways and through growth factor-like activities that influence cellular proliferation and protein synthesis. Internal and external mechanical loading appears to affect skin biology through mechanochemical transduction processes. Further studies are needed to understand how mechanical forces, energy storage and conversion of mechanical energy into changes in chemical potential of small and large macromolecules may occur and influence the metabolism of dermal cells. Copyright Blackwell Munksgaard 2003
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 May 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 878095
                Affiliations
                1Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, 35/p-4 Paderewskiego Street, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
                2Public Higher Medical Professional School, 68 Katowicka Street, 45-060 Opole, Poland
                3Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 6a Chalubinskiego Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
                4Family Medicine Department, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Syrokomli Street, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Andre Van Wijnen

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/878095
                PMC ID: 4037120
                SO-VID: 1a0a770b-779d-45b1-b682-969b8effee87
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Waldemar Andrzejewski et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 January 2014
                Date accepted : 14 April 2014
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Centre
                Award ID: NN404002839
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Data availability:

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