Representación geográfica de la malnutrición en niños y adolescentes de Medellín, Colombia

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Abstract

Resumen Introducción: Describir la malnutrición por deficiencia y por exceso en niños y adolescentes de 0 a 17 años, con base a la representación espacial geográfica (REG) de Medellín, Colombia. Material y Métodos: Estudio poblacional, transversal, con muestra multietápica y aleatoria (n=6.075), representativa de las 16 comunas y 5 corregimientos de Medellín. Se incluyeron variables demográficas, sociales, educativas, salud, nutrición y actividad física. Se construyeron los indicadores peso-talla (PT), talla-edad (TE), peso-edad (PE) e Índice de Masa Corporal-edad (IMC-edad) en <5 años y TE e IMC-edad en >5 años, recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Con los paquetes Antrho y Antrho Plus se obtuvieron puntajes Z, con el SPSS v.21 se realizaron análisis descriptivos y con Argis 10.0 se construyó la REG de las prevalencias de malnutrición. Estudio aprobado por el comité de ética de la Universidad CES. Resultados: En <5 años (n=1.598), 0,9% presenta desnutrición aguda, 6,4% talla baja, 1,3% desnutrición global, 20,8% riesgo de sobrepeso, 5,2% sobrepeso y 0,9% obesidad. Uno de cada 4 niños (25%) realiza actividad física (11 min/día). A partir de los 5 años (n=4.477) se presentó 3,9% de baja talla, 1,6% delgadez, 21% sobrepeso y 8,9% obesidad. La mitad (50,9%) de estos niños realiza actividad física (21 min/día). Diez áreas urbanas de Medellín representan las áreas geográficas con mayor sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusiones: La REG permite detectar gráficamente las áreas de mayor vulnerabilidad nutricional. La REG muestra que la coexistencia de la malnutrición por deficiencia y exceso varía según el área geográfica. Las instituciones deben considerar esta doble carga de la malnutrición: un problema social complejo, que padece Medellín y el mundo entero, de acuerdo a la OMS.

Translated abstract

Abstract Introduction: Describe malnutrition due to deficiency and excess in children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years, based on geographical spatial representation (GL) in Medellin, Colombia. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional population study and multistage random sample design (n=6,075), representative of the children living in the 16 urban communities and 5 rural areas of Medellin. Demographic, social, educational, health, nutrition and physical activity variables were included. Weight and height were the basis to construct indicators of Weight-for-height (WH), Height-for-age (HA), Weight-for-age (WA) and Body Mass Index-for-age (BMI-for-age) in <5 years and HA and BMI-for-age in >5 years-old. With Anthro and Anthro Plus, Z scores of anthropometric measures were obtained; descriptive analyzes were performed with SPSS v.21, and the geographical representations of malnutrition were conducted with Argis 10.0. The CES University ethics committee approved the study. Results: In children <5 years (n=1,598) the prevalence of acute malnutrition (low-WH) is 0.9%; short stature or stunting (low-HA) 6.4%; malnutrition (low-WA) 1.3%; risk of overweight 20.8%; overweight 5.2% and obesity (BMI-age) 0.9%. One out of 4 children (25%) do physical activity (11 min/day). In the 5-17 years children and adolescents (n=4,477), 3.9% had stunting, 21% overweight and 8.9% are obese. More than half (50.9%) do physical activity (21 min/day). As GL showed, overweight and obesity are higher in 10 urban areas of Medellín. Conclusions: The GL allows identifying the more affected populations. The GL shows that the coexistence of malnutrition due to deficiency and excess varies according to the geographic area studied. Institutions must consider the double burden of malnutrition: a social complex problem, which Medellin and the entire world suffer.

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Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Ashkan Afshin, Patrick John Sur, Kairsten A. Fay … (2019)

Summary Background Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity. Methods By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction) among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome. Findings In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 10–12) deaths and 255 million (234–274) DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5] deaths and 70 million [34–118] DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4] deaths and 82 million [59–109] DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4] deaths and 65 million [41–92] DALYs) were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates. Interpretation This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.