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      Analgesia pós-operatória em correção cirúrgica de pé torto congênito: comparação entre bloqueio nervoso periférico e bloqueio peridural caudal Translated title: Postoperative analgesia for the surgical correction of congenital clubfoot: comparison between peripheral nerve block and caudal epidural block Translated title: Analgesia postoperatoria en corrección quirúrgica de pie jorobado congénito: comparación entre bloqueo nervioso periférico y bloqueo epidural caudal

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O procedimento de correção de pé torto congênito (PTC) cursa com dor pós-operatória intensa. A técnica mais utilizada em crianças é a peridural caudal associada à anestesia geral. Tem como limitação a curta duração da analgesia pós-operatória. Os bloqueios de nervos periféricos têm sido apontados como procedimentos com baixa incidência de complicações e tempo prolongado de analgesia. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o tempo de analgesia dos bloqueios nervosos periféricos e bloqueio caudal e o consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 horas após a correção de PTC em crianças. MÉTODO: Estudo randômico, encoberto, em crianças submetidas à intervenção cirúrgica para liberação póstero-medial de PTC, alocadas em 4 grupos conforme a técnica anestésica: Caudal (ACa); Bloqueios isquiático e femoral (IF); Bloqueios isquiático e safeno (IS); Bloqueio isquiático e anestesia local (IL), associados à anestesia geral. Nas primeiras 24 horas os pacientes receberam dipirona e paracetamol via oral e foram avaliados por anestesiologista que desconhecia a técnica empregada. Conforme escores da escala CHIPPS (Children's and infants postoperative pain scale) era administrada morfina via oral (0,19 mg.kg-1 por dia). RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 118 crianças distribuídas nos grupos ACa (30), IF (32), IS (28) IL (28). O tempo médio entre o bloqueio e a primeira dose de morfina foi 6,16 horas no grupo ACa, 7,05 horas no IF, 7,58 horas no IS e 8,18 horas no IL. O consumo de morfina foi 0,3 mg.kg-1 por dia nos quatro grupos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os bloqueios nervosos periféricos não promoveram maior tempo de analgesia, tampouco redução no consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 horas em crianças submetidas à correção de PTC quando comparados ao bloqueio peridural caudal.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Correction of congenital clubfoot (CCF) is associated with severe postoperative pain. Caudal epidural block associated with general anesthesia is the anesthetic technique used more often in children, but it is limited by the short duration of the postoperative analgesia. Peripheral nerve blocks are associated with a low incidence of complications and prolonged analgesia. The objective of this study was to compare the duration of analgesia in peripheral nerve blocks and caudal block, as well as morphine consumption in the first 24 hours after correction of CCF in children. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind study with children undergoing surgeries for posteromedial release of CCF, who were divided in four groups according to the anesthetic technique: caudal (ACa), sciatic and femoral block (IF), sciatic and saphenous block (IS), and sciatic block and local anesthesia (IL), associated with general anesthesia. In the first 24 hours, patients received oral dypirone and acetaminophen, and they were evaluated by anesthesiologists who were unaware of the technique used. Oral morphine (0.19 mg.kg¹ per day) was administered according to the scores of the CHIPPS (Children's and infants' postoperative pain scale) scale. RESULTS: One hundred and eighteen children separated into four groups: ACa (30), IF (32), IS (28), and IL (28) participated in this study. The mean time between the blockade and the first dose of morphine was 6.16 hours in group ACa, 7.05 hours in group IF, 7.58 in IS, and 8.18 hours in IL. Morphine consumption was 0.3 mg.kg-1 per day in all four groups. Significant differences were not observed among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: peripheral nerve blocks did not promote longer lasting analgesia or a decrease in morphine consumption in the first 24 hours in children undergoing CCF correction when compared to caudal epidural block.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El procedimiento de corrección de pie jorobado congénito (PJC), debuta con dolor postoperatorio intenso. La técnica más utilizada en niños es la epidural caudal asociada a la anestesia general. Posee la limitante de una corta duración de la analgesia postoperatoria. Los bloqueos de nervios periféricos han sido indicados como procedimientos con una baja incidencia de complicaciones y un tiempo prolongado de analgesia. El objetivo del estudio actual, fue comparar el tiempo de analgesia de los bloqueos nerviosos periféricos y del bloqueo caudal y el consumo de morfina, en las primeras 24 horas después de la corrección de PJC en niños. MÉTODO: Estudio randómico doble ciego, en niños sometidos a la intervención quirúrgica para liberación posteromedial de PJC, ubicadas en cuatro grupos conforme a la técnica anestésica: caudal (ACa); bloqueos isquiático y femoral (IF); bloqueos isquiático y safeno (IS); bloqueo isquiático y anestesia local (IL), asociados a la anestesia general. En las primeras 24 horas, los pacientes recibieron dipirona y paracetamol vía oral y fueron evaluados por un anestesiólogo que no conocía la técnica usada. Conforme a las puntuaciones de la escala CHIPPS (Children's and infants postoperative pain scale), se administraba morfina vía oral (0,19 mg.kg-1 por día). RESULTADOS: Fueron estudiados 118 niños distribuidos en los grupos ACa (30), IF (32), IS (28) IL (28). El tiempo promedio entre el bloqueo y la primera dosis de morfina fue de 6,16 horas en el grupo ACa, 7,05 horas en el IF, 7,58 horas en el IS y 8,18 horas en el IL. El consumo de morfina fue de 0,3 mg.kg-1 por día en los cuatro grupos. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Los bloqueos nerviosos periféricos no promovieron un tiempo más elevado de analgesia, ni tampoco una reducción en el consumo de morfina en las primeras 24 horas, en niños sometidos a la corrección de PJC cuando se les comparó con el bloqueo epidural caudal.

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          Most cited references23

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          Recommended use of morphine in neonates, infants and children based on a literature review: Part 1-Pharmacokinetics

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            Neurologic evaluation of infant and adult rats before and after sciatic nerve blockade.

            Only limited data exist comparing differences in sensory function and responses to neural blockade in infant and adult rats. Therefore, the authors sought (1) to compare baseline thermal, proprioceptive, and postural responses in infant, adolescent, and adult rats; and (2) to compare the effects of sciatic nerve blockade on thermal, proprioceptive, and postural responses in infant, adolescent, and adult rats. Infant, adolescent, and adult rats were evaluated for proprioceptive, thermal, and mechanical nociceptive and motor function before and after sciatic blockade using a detailed neurologic examination. Mechanical and thermal nociception were present in all rats, starting from age 1 day. The withdrawal reflex latency to pinch was rapid at all ages, whereas that reaction to thermal stimulus depended on both age and temperature. In contrast, the tactile placing response and hopping response were absent at birth and developed completely during the first 10 days of life. The extensor postural thrust was absent in the first 2 weeks of life and developed variably during the first 50 days of life. Sciatic blockade duration is shorter in infant rats than in adult rats receiving the same dose per kilogram. A brief halothane general anesthetic at the time of sciatic injection in infant or adult rats does not alter the duration of blockade. Infant rats show increased sensitivity to noxious thermal stimuli and similar response to deep mechanical stimuli compared with adult rats. Their proprioceptive and motor responses develop during the first 2 weeks of life. When doses are scaled by body weight, block duration is shorter in infant than in adult rats.
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              Some current controversies in paediatric regional anaesthesia.

              B J Dalens (2006)
              Controversial topics in paediatric regional anaesthesia are discussed. The performance of blocks under general anaesthesia, new local anaesthetics, adjuvants, location techniques, and risks of masking compartment syndromes are contemplated. The performance of regional blocks in anaesthetized patients is generally contra-indicated in adults but accepted in children. Levobupivacaine displays the same pharmacokinetic profile as racemic bupivacaine with possibly less cardiac toxicity. Ropivacaine undergoes slower absorption and, in some studies, concomitant increase in peak plasma concentration in infants. Conversely, continuous infusion of ropivacaine offers the safest therapeutic index. Many adjuvants have been used but only epinephrine, clonidine, and preservative-free ketamine offer clear advantages. Midazolam and neostigmine are effective but have potential drawbacks and raise safety questions. Needle and catheter positioning is critical. Electrocardiogram guidance and electrical stimulation occasionally help identify the migration of epidural catheters. Stimulating catheters might be useful for continuous peripheral blockade. Ultrasonography will probably become the reference technique for peripheral catheter placement. Patients at risk of compartment syndrome must be monitored (measurement of compartmental pressures); adequate pain management does not 'hide' this complication but, on the contrary, can facilitate early diagnosis since the increase in requirement for pain medication precedes other clinical symptoms by an average of 7.3 h.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas )
                1806-907X
                December 2009
                : 59
                : 6
                : 684-693
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilitação Brazil
                [2 ] Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilitação Brazil
                Article
                S0034-70942009000600004
                10.1590/S0034-70942009000600004
                1a31a4e2-7a83-4197-8383-479b18cbe7cd

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7094&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                ANALGESIA, Pós-operatória,CIRURGIA, Ortopédica,ANALGESIA, postoperative,SURGERY, orthopedic

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