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      Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Are Associated With Internet Gaming Disorder During COVID-19: Fear of Missing Out as a Mediator

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          Abstract

          Background

          Many teenagers suffered negative emotional states, especially anxiety and depression, during the COVID-19 outbreak, and most teenagers choose Internet games to cope with negative emotion. Previous evidence indicated that fear of missing out is related with anxiety and depression in teenagers with Internet gaming disorder, but it is unclear how fear of missing out influences depression, anxiety, or stress.

          Methods

          Based on an I-PACE model, using Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), Fear of Missing Out Scale, and Internet Gaming Addiction Scale, and 324 middle school students as participants, this study explored the mediating effect of fear of missing out on depression, anxiety, or stress and Internet gaming disorder.

          Results

          The results showed that depression and stress are significantly related to Internet gaming disorder through the partial mediating of fear of missing out. Anxiety is not significantly related to Internet gaming disorder through the full mediating of fear of missing out, and anxiety and stress have a greater predictive effect on Internet gaming disorder through fear of missing out. Results also demonstrated that students who play Honor of Kings or Player Unknown's Battlegrounds have more risk to develop Internet gaming disorder.

          Conclusions

          The results indicated that fear of missing out as a mediator regulates the relationship among depression, anxiety, and stress and Internet game disorder. Specifically, under the mediation of fear of missing out, teenagers with anxiety are more likely to develop Internet gaming disorder, while teenagers with depression or stress might be prone to other types of Internet use disorders.

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          Most cited references27

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          Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.

          Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, we suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework for the processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addictive use of certain Internet applications or sites promoting gaming, gambling, pornography viewing, shopping, or communication. The model is composed as a process model. Specific Internet-use disorders are considered to be the consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and Internet-related cognitive biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in combination with reduced executive functioning. Conditioning processes may strengthen these associations within an addiction process. Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders, summarized in the I-PACE model, must be further tested empirically, implications for treatment interventions are suggested.
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            Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out

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              The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond Internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                11 February 2022
                2022
                11 February 2022
                : 13
                : 827519
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin, China
                [2] 2The School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University , Shanghai, China
                [3] 3Department of Psychology, Qingdao Academy , Qingdao, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Li Wang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China

                Reviewed by: Vsevolod Konstantinov, Penza State University, Russia; Rocco Servidio, University of Calabria, Italy; Ahmed Shuhaiber, Zayed University, United Arab Emirates

                *Correspondence: Peng Zhang psyzhangpeng@ 123456163.com

                This article was submitted to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827519
                8873089
                35222126
                1a4a2be1-81fc-4d30-9609-cad611fca88b
                Copyright © 2022 Wang, Liu, Zhang and Zhang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 02 December 2021
                : 13 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7, Words: 5420
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                depression,anxiety,stress,fear of missing out,internet gaming disorder,teenagers

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