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      Assessment of pain and associated factors in people living with HIV/AIDS* Translated title: Avaliação da dor e fatores associados em pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS Translated title: Evaluación del dolor y factores asociados en las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          to evaluate pain in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and to relate it to sociodemographic and clinical factors, depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life.

          Method:

          descriptive, analytical, observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study. Three hundred and two (302) people assisted at a specialized care service participated in the study. Instruments were used to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical data, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life. Descriptive, bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were used.

          Results:

          the incidence of pain of mild intensity was 59.27%, recurrent in the head, with interference in mood, mostly affecting females and individuals with no schooling/low schooling. Women were more likely to have moderate or severe pain. People aged 49 to 59 years had greater pain intensity than people aged 18 to 29 years. The variables depressive symptoms and pain were directly proportional. The higher the health-related quality of life and schooling, the lower was the possibility of presence of pain.

          Conclusion:

          presence of pain is of concern and has association with female sex, lack of schooling/low schooling, worse level of health-related quality of life and presence of depressive symptoms.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          avaliar a dor em pessoas que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e relacionar com fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde.

          Método:

          estudo descritivo, analítico, observacional, de corte transversal e de caráter quantitativo. Participaram trezentas e duas (302) pessoas de um serviço de atendimento especializado. Foram utilizados instrumentos para avaliação de dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Empregou-se análise descritiva, bivariada e regressão logística múltipla.

          Resultados:

          foram encontrados 59,27% de presença de dor de intensidade leve, recorrente na cabeça, com interferência no humor, a maioria do sexo feminino e em indivíduos sem/baixa escolaridade. As mulheres apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter dores moderadas ou severas. Pessoas de 49 a 59 anos apresentaram maior intensidade de dor do que as de 18 a 29 anos. Sintomas depressivos e dor são variáveis diretamente proporcionais. Quanto maior o nível da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e escolaridade, menor a possibilidade da presença de dor.

          Conclusão:

          a presença de dor encontrada é preocupante e possui associação com o sexo feminino, sem/baixa escolaridade, pior nível da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e presença de sintomas depressivos.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivos:

          evaluar el dolor en las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y relacionarse con factores sociodemográficos, clínicos, síntomas depresivos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud.

          Método:

          estudio descriptivo, analítico, observacional, de corte transversal y de carácter cuantitativo. Participaron trescientos y dos (302) personas de un servicio de atención especializado. Se utilizaron instrumentos para la evaluación de datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, síntomas depresivos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Se empleó el análisis descriptivo, bivariada y regresión logística múltiple.

          Resultados:

          se encontró un 59,27% de presencia de dolor de intensidad leve, recurrente en la cabeza, con interferencia en el humor, la mayoría del sexo femenino y en individuos sin/baja escolaridad. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor probabilidad de sufrir dolores moderados o severos. Las personas de 49 a 59 años presentaron mayor intensidad de dolor que las de 18 a 29 años. Los síntomas depresivos y dolor son variables directamente proporcionales. Cuanto mayor es el nivel de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y la escolaridad, menor es la posibilidad de la presencia de dolor.

          Conclusión:

          la presencia de dolor encontrado es preocupante y tiene asociación con el sexo femenino, sin/baja escolaridad, peor nivel de la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud y la presencia de síntomas depresivos.

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          Most cited references33

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          Prevalence of chronic pain in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          The global burden of chronic pain and disability could be related to unmet surgical needs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to characterise existing data regarding the prevalence and associations of chronic pain in low-income and middle-income countries; this is essential to allow better assessment of its relationship to pre-operative and post-operative pain as emergency and essential surgical services are expanded.
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            Is Open Access

            Pain in people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review

            Introduction Pain is one of the most commonly reported symptoms in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, wide ranges of pain prevalence have been reported, making it difficult to determine the relative impact of pain in PLWHA. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to establish the prevalence and characteristics of pain and to explore pain management in PLWHA. Methods Studies that included cross-sectional data were included in the search, which was conducted in April 2012. Databases searched using a time limit of March 1982 to March 2012 included PubMed, Scopus, Africa-wide: NIPAD, CINAHL, PsychARTICLES, PSYCINFO, PSYCHIATRYONLINE, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. Search terms selected were “pain” and “HIV” or “acquired immune deficiency syndrome.” Two reviewers independently screened all citation abstracts for inclusion. Methodological quality was evaluated using a standardized 11-item critical appraisal tool. Results After full text review, 61 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of pain ranged from a point prevalence of 54% (95%CI 51.14–56.09) to 83% (95%CI 76–88) using a three-month recall period. The reported pain was of moderate-to-severe intensity, and pain was reported in one to two and a half different anatomical sites. Moderate levels of pain interference with function were reported. All nine studies reporting on the adequacy of pain management recorded marked under-treatment of pain. Discussion The studies reviewed reported that pain commonly presents at multiple pain sites with a range of severity suggesting that there are several differing pathological processes contributing to pain at one time. The interplay of variables associated with pain suggests that the biopsychosocial model of pain is an appropriate paradigm from which to view pain in PLWHA and from which to approach the problem, explore causes and establish effective treatment. Conclusions The results highlight that pain is common in PLWHA at all stages of the disease. The prevalence rates for pain in PLWHA do not appear to have diminished over the 30 years spanning the studies reviewed. The body of work available in the literature thus far, while emphasizing the problem of pain, has not had an impact on its management.
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              Validation of brief pain inventory to Brazilian patients with pain.

              To validate the Brazilian version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-B) scale and to determine the optimal cutpoints for mild, moderate, and severe pain based on patients' rating of their worst pain. One hundred forty-three outpatients with cancer were recruited in Hospital das Clinicas-University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two underlying dimensions, pain severity, and pain interference, with Cronbach's α of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. Convergent validity was shown by the correlation observed between the BPI dimensions with the EORTC-QLQ-C30 pain scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The BPI-B detected significant differences in the two dimensions by disease and performance status, supporting known-group validity. For the worst pain, the optimal cutpoints were 4 and 7 (1-4 = mild pain, 5-7 = moderate, and 8-10 = severe). Our data show that BPI-B is a brief, useful, and valid tool for assessing pain and its impact on patient's life.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                18 July 2019
                2019
                : 27
                : e3155
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
                [2 ]Bolsista da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brasil
                Author notes
                Autor correspondente: Aliny Cristini Pereira. E-mail: alinycristini@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-3842
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-1144
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-5035
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-451X
                Article
                1518-8345.2803.3155 00341
                10.1590/1518-8345.2803.3155
                6687362
                31340343
                1aae0a95-a0ea-4c57-a28b-277a82e36bfe

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 August 2018
                : 17 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 15, Equations: 0, References: 30
                Categories
                Original Article

                hiv,acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,pain,pain measurement,quality of life,depression,síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida,dor,medição da dor,qualidade de vida,depressão,vih,síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida,dolor,dimensión del dolor,calidad de vida,depresión

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