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      Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids ☆

      case-report

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          Abstract

          The endangered Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris) is a keystone species playing an essential role in ecology as well as in the social and spiritual lives of the Himalayan people. The latest estimate of the Bengal tiger population in Bhutan accounts for 103 individuals. Infectious organisms, including zoonotic parasites causing high burden in human health, have received little attention as a cause of mortality in tigers. Taeniosis/cysticercosis, caused by the cestode Taenia solium, is considered one of the major neglected tropical diseases in Southeast Asia. We present here a case of neurocysticercosis in a Bengal tiger showing advanced neurological disease outside Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. After palliative care, the animal died, and necropsy revealed multiple small cysts in the brain. Here we show the presence of two genetic variants of T. solium in the parasite material collected based on PCR and sequencing of the complete cox1 and cytB genes. The sequences form a discrete branch within the Asia plus Madagascar cluster of the parasite. On other hand, tests for feline morbillivirus, feline calicivirus, canine distemper virus, Nipah, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, feline leukaemia and feline immunodeficiency virus were negative. In contrast, PCR for feline herpesvirus was positive and a latex agglutination test revealed an elevated antibody titer against Toxoplasma gondii (titer 1:256). The molecular examination of taeniid eggs isolated from the tiger faeces produced sequences for which the highest homology in GenBank is between 92% and 94% with T. regis and T. hydatigena. This fatal case of T. solium neurocysticercosis, a disease previously unrecorded in tigers or other non-domestic felids, demonstrates an anthropogenically driven transmission of a deadly pathogen which could become a serious threat to the tiger population.

          Graphical abstract

          Highlights

          • •

            This is the first report of a fatal infection with Taenia solium in a Bengal tiger.

          • •

            There is a need for research into infectious disease threats to tigers in Bhutan.

          • •

            The importance of a ‘One Health’ approach is demonstrated and recommended.

          • •

            Non-domestic felids.

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          Most cited references42

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          Identification of taeniid eggs in the faeces from carnivores based on multiplex PCR using targets in mitochondrial DNA.

          P Deplazes, Robert A. Mathis, D Trachsel (2007)
          A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for the identification of morphologically indistinguishable eggs of the taeniid tapeworms from carnivores using primers targeting mitochondrial genes. The primers for Echinococcus multilocularis (amplicon size 395 bp) were species-specific as assessed by in silico analysis and in the PCR using well-defined control samples. The design of primers that specifically amplify DNA from E. granulosus or Taenia spp. was not possible. The primers designed for E. granulosus also amplified DNA (117 bp) from E. vogeli, and those designed for Taenia spp. amplified products (267 bp) from species of Mesocestoides, Dipylidium and Diphyllobothrium. Nevertheless, as our diagnostic approach includes the concentration of taeniid eggs by sequential sieving and flotation, followed by their morphological detection, this non-specificity has limited practical importance. Sequence analysis of the corresponding amplicon can identify most of the described E. granulosus genotypes. Taenia spp. can be identified by direct sequencing of the 267 bp amplicon, or, for most species, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The multiplex PCR was readily able to detect 1 egg (estimated to contain 7000 targets, as determined by quantitative PCR). Having been validated using a panel of well-defined samples from carnivores with known infection status, this approach proved to be useful for the identification of taeniid eggs from both individual animals and for epidemiological studies.
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            Neurocysticercosis: updated concepts about an old disease.

            O Del Maschio, , Marcio Garcia (2005)
            Neurocysticercosis, the infection of the human brain by the larvae of Taenia solium, is a major cause of acquired epilepsy in most low-income countries. Cases of neurocysticercosis are becoming more common in high-income countries because of increased migration and travel. Diagnosis by neuroimaging and serological assessment has greatly improved over the past decade, and the natural progression of the disease and response to antiparasitic drugs is now much better understood. Neurocysticercosis is potentially eradicable, and control interventions are underway to eliminate this infection. Meanwhile, updated information on diagnosis and management of neurocysticercosis is required, especially for clinicians who are unfamiliar with its wide array of clinical presentations.
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              NADH dehydrogenase 1 gene sequences compared for species and strains of the genus Echinococcus.

              J. Bowles, D.P. Mcmanus (1993)
              Nucleotide sequences of a 471 bp region of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 gene were obtained for 59 Echinococcus isolates including representatives of each of the 4 recognised species. Ten distinct genotypes were detected among these isolates, including 6 within E. granulosus. This information complements and extends knowledge of inter- and intraspecific variation within Echinococcus and should prove useful in phylogenetic studies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 63 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yoenten Phuentshok
                Peter Deplazes
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Title: International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-2244
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: April 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2021
                Volume: 14
                Pages: 150-156
                Affiliations
                [a ]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, 10200, Thailand
                [b ]Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Taba, Bhutan
                [c ]Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                [d ]Animal Health Division, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan
                [e ]National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Bhutan
                [f ]World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC, 20037, USA
                [g ]EcoHeatlh Alliance, New York, NY, 10018, USA
                [h ]Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
                [i ]Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
                [j ]Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. deplazesp@ 123456access.uzh.ch
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. vetyoen@ 123456gmail.com
                [1]

                Joint first authors.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2213-2244(21)00017-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.003
                PMC ID: 7902803
                PubMed ID: 33665082
                SO-VID: 1aaf9b43-1e27-4977-aa2c-364782b15c8a
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 4 January 2021
                Date revision received : 3 February 2021
                Date accepted : 3 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: taenia solium,bengal tiger,panthera tigris tigris,bhutan,conservation medicine,neurocysticercosis,one health,first report
                Data availability:
                Keywords: taenia solium, bengal tiger, panthera tigris tigris, bhutan, conservation medicine, neurocysticercosis, one health, first report

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