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      Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: etiology and management

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          Abstract

          Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including those with end-stage renal disease, treated with dialysis, or renal transplant recipients have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Dyslipidemia, often present in this patient population, is an important risk factor for CVD development. Specific quantitative and qualitative changes are seen at different stages of renal impairment and are associated with the degree of glomerular filtration rate declining. Patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD have low high-density lipoproteins (HDL), normal or low total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increased triglycerides as well as increased apolipoprotein B (apoB), lipoprotein(a) (Lp (a)), intermediate- and very-low-density lipoprotein (IDL, VLDL; “remnant particles”), and small dense LDL particles. In patients with nephrotic syndrome lipid profile is more atherogenic with increased TC, LDL, and triglycerides. Lipid profile in hemodialysis (HD) patients is usually similar to that in non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients. Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) have more altered dyslipidemia compared to HD patients, which is more atherogenic in nature. These differences may be attributed to PD per se but may also be associated with the selection of dialytic modality. In renal transplant recipients, TC, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides are elevated, whereas HDL is significantly reduced. Many factors can influence post-transplant dyslipidemia including immunosuppressive agents. This patient population is obviously at high risk; hence, prompt diagnosis and management are required to improve their clinical outcomes. Various studies have shown statins to be effective in the cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with mild-to-moderate CKD as well as in renal transplant recipients. However, according to recent clinical randomized controlled trials (4D, A Study to Evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in Subjects on Regular Dialysis: an Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events, and Study of Heart and Renal protection), these beneficial effects are uncertain in dialyzed patients. Therefore, further research for the most suitable treatment options is needed.

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          Most cited references28

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          Death risk in hemodialysis patients: the predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities.

          Logistic regression analysis was applied to a sample of more than 12,000 hemodialysis patients to evaluate the association of various patient descriptors, treatment time (hours/treatment), and various laboratory tests with the probability of death. Advancing age, white race, and diabetes were all associated with a significantly increased risk of death. Short dialysis times were also associated with high death risk before adjustment for the value of laboratory tests. Of the laboratory variables, low serum albumin less than 40 g/L (less than 4.0 g/dL) was most highly associated with death probability. About two thirds of patients had low albumin. These findings suggest that inadequate nutrition may be an important contributing factor to the mortality suffered by hemodialysis patients. The relative risk profiles for other laboratory tests are presented. Among these, low serum creatinine, not high, was associated with high death risk. Both serum albumin concentration and creatinine were directly correlated with treatment time so that high values for both substances were associated with long treatment times. The data suggest that physicians may select patients with high creatinine for more intense dialysis exposure and patients with low creatinine for less intense treatment. In a separate analysis, observed death rates were compared with rates expected on the basis of case mix for these 237 facilities. The data suggest substantial volatility of observed/expected ratios when facility size is small. Nonetheless, a minority of facilities (less than or equal to 2%) may have higher rates than expected when compared with the pool of all patients in this sample. The effect of various laboratory variables on mortality is substantial, while relatively few facilities have observed death rates that exceed their expected values. Therefore, we suggest that strategies designed to improve the overall mortality statistic for dialysis patients in the United States would be better directed toward improving the quality of care for all patients, particularly high-risk patients, within their usual treatment settings rather than trying to identify facilities with high death rate for possible regulatory intervention.
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            Lipoprotein metabolism and lipid management in chronic kidney disease.

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              Hypocholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients.

              Although hypocholesterolemia is common in chronic hemodialysis patients, its effect on survival has not been studied in a large patients population. A cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients (N = 1167) was prospectively followed from January 1991 to January 2001. The survival impact of this cohort, who were divided according to different baseline levels of serum cholesterol, were calculated with the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis after adjusting for baseline clinical and laboratory variables. During the study period, 567 (48.6%) patients died. The mean (SD) baseline level of serum cholesterol was 171.0 (40.8) mg/dL and ranged from 76 to 378 mg/dL. The five-year survival rate was highest (0.812) in the subgroup that had a serum cholesterol range of 200 to 219 mg/dL and was lowest (0.608) in the subgroup with serum cholesterol values of or =220 mg/dL. Serum cholesterol was a significant predictor of death with an adjusted hazards ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.939 (0.891 to 0.989). In a subgroup of patients with serum albumin values > or =4.5 g/dL (N = 128), the adjusted hazards ratio was even greater at 1.370 (1.105 to 1.692). Other than sex, body mass index and serum albumin were significant determinants of baseline levels of serum cholesterol. Hypocholesterolemia was an independent predictor of death in patients on chronic hemodialysis. This impact of hypercholesterolemia on survival was only evident in a subgroup of patients whose serum albumin was more than 4.5 g/dL.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis
                Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis
                International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease
                International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease
                Dove Medical Press
                1178-7058
                2017
                07 February 2017
                : 10
                : 35-45
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Gastroenterology
                [2 ]Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, UHC Rijeka
                [3 ]School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Ivana Mikolasevic, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Gastroenterology, UHC Rijeka, Kresimirova 42, Rijeka 51000, Croatia, Tel +385 51 658 122, Email ivana.mikolasevic@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                ijnrd-10-035
                10.2147/IJNRD.S101808
                5304971
                28223836
                1ac1761a-8ea1-40f8-b8fe-a5bba543faed
                © 2017 Mikolasevic et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Review

                Nephrology
                chronic kidney disease,cardiovascular disease,dyslipidemia
                Nephrology
                chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia

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