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      Mechanical Properties and Metallurgical Features of New Green NiTi Reciprocating Instruments

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          Abstract

          To evaluate the properties of two nickel–titanium (NiTi) reciprocating endodontic instruments (commercially known as Procodile and Reziflow), a total of 40 size 25 and 0.06 taper new Procodile and Reziflow instruments ( n = 20) were subjected to cyclic fatigue tests (60° angle of curvature, 5-mm radius) at 20 °C and 37 °C and a torsional test based on ISO 3630-1. The fracture surface of each fragment was examined. The morphological, mechanical, chemical, thermal, and phase composition characteristics of the files were investigated by field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector, focused ion beam analysis (FIB), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Reziflow showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than Procodile at 37 °C ( p < 0.05). The maximum torsional strength of Procodile was lower than that of Reziflow ( p < 0.05). No difference was found between their angular rotations to fracture ( p > 0.05). SEM, FIB, Micro-Raman, and AES analyses revealed the presence of an Nb/Nb 2O 5 coating on the Procodile surface. DSC and XRD analysis confirmed that both files consist of an almost austenitic phase structure at 37 °C. The cyclic fatigue resistance of Procodile and Reziflow significantly decreases upon exposure to body temperature.

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          Raman spectra of titanium dioxide

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            New thermomechanically treated NiTi alloys - a review.

            In the past 10 years, several proprietary processing procedures for nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy were developed to improve the mechanical properties of NiTi endodontic instruments. Beside specific thermal and mechanical treatments, manufacturers introduced several machining procedures (e.g. twisting, electrical discharge machining), as well as techniques for final surface finishing. NiTi alloys used for endodontic instruments can be subdivided into instruments that mainly contain the austenite phase (austenitic: conventional NiTi, M-Wire, R-Phase) and those mainly containing the martensite phase (martensitic: CM Wire, Gold and Blue heat-treated NiTi). Thermomechanically treated NiTi alloys have been reported to be more flexible with improved cyclic fatigue resistance and greater angle of deflection at failure when compared to conventional NiTi. These enhanced properties may be attributed to a modified phase composition containing varying amounts of R-phase and martensite. Endodontic instruments made of austenitic alloys possess superelastic properties because of stress-induced martensite transformation and consequently tend to spring-back to their original form after deformation. In contrast, the martensitic instruments can easily be deformed due to the reorientation of the martensite variants and show a shape memory effect when heated. The use of martensitic alloy results in more flexible instruments, with an increased cyclic fatigue resistance compared with austenitic alloy.
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              Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments.

              To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc(®) and WaveOne(®) instruments in simulated root canals. Two groups of 15 NiTi endodontic instruments of identical tip size of 0.25 mm were tested, group A; Reciproc(®) R25 and group B: WaveOne(®) primary. Cyclic fatigue testing was performed in a stainless steel artificial canal manufactured by reproducing the instrument's size and taper. A simulated root canal with a 60° angle of curvature and 5-mm radius of curvature was constructed for both the instruments tested. The centre of the curvature was 5 mm from the tip of the instrument and the curved segment of the canal was approximately 5 mm in length. The Reciproc(®) instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the Reciproc(®) instruments, whilst the WaveOne(®) instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the WaveOne(®) instruments. All instruments were rotated until fracture occurred and the time to fracture (TtF) and the length of the fractured tip were recorded and registered. Means and standard deviations of TtF and fragment length were calculated for each system and data were subjected to Student's t-test (P   0.05) in the mean length of the fractured fragments between the instruments.   Reciproc(®) instruments were associated with a significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than WaveOne(®) instruments. © 2012 International Endodontic Journal.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                24 August 2020
                September 2020
                : 13
                : 17
                : 3736
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; malovo2305@ 123456gmail.com (A.M.); alessia.borghi@ 123456unimore.it (A.B.); ugo.consolo@ 123456unimore.it (U.C.)
                [2 ]Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; giovanni.bolelli@ 123456unimore.it (G.B.); pp.puddu@ 123456gmail.com (P.P.); luca.lusvarghi@ 123456unimore.it (L.L.)
                [3 ]InterMech—MO.RE. Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca Applicata e i Servizi nel Settore della Meccanica Avanzata e della Motoristica, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
                [4 ]Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Local Unit: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
                [5 ]Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; g_larosa92@ 123456live.it (G.R.M.L.R.); eugeniopedulla@ 123456gmail.com (E.P.)
                [6 ]Department of Physics, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; alberto.rota@ 123456unimore.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: luigi.generali@ 123456unimore.it ; Tel.: +39-059-4224324
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-7046
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4490-6512
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-5299
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-3285
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-8928
                Article
                materials-13-03736
                10.3390/ma13173736
                7503947
                32847048
                1adbe291-944a-49e7-85c1-21d31bdfe6a1
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 09 July 2020
                : 21 August 2020
                Categories
                Article

                auger electron spectroscopy,cyclic fatigue,differential scanning calorimetry,focused ion beam analysis,procodile

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