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      A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade; subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade) contains five species of small, often rhizomatous, shrubs from deserts and dry forests in North and South America. Members of the clade were previously classified in sections Leprophora , Nycterium and Lathyrocarpum , and were not thought to be closely related. The group is sister to the species-rich monophyletic Old World clade of spiny solanums. The species of the group have an amphitropical distribution, with three species in Mexico and the southwestern United States and three species in Argentina. Solanum elaeagnifolium occurs in both North and South America, and is a noxious invasive weed in dry areas worldwide. Members of the group are highly variable morphologically, and this variability has led to much synonymy, particularly in the widespread S. elaeagnifolium . We here review the taxonomic history, morphology, relationships and ecology of these species and provide keys for their identification, descriptions, full synonymy (including designations of lectotypes) and nomenclatural notes. Illustrations, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species.

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          Resumen

          El clado Elaeagnifolium contiene cinco especies arbustivas, usualmente rizomatosas, distribuidas en desiertos y bosques secos de Norte y Sudamérica. Previamente, los miembros del clado estuvieron agrupados en las secciones Leprophora , Nycterium y Lathyrocarpum porque se pensaba que no estaban estrechamente relacionados. El grupo es hermano de los Solanum del Viejo Mundo (Old World clade). Las especies del grupo tienen una distribución anfitropical, con tres especies de México y el Suroeste de Estados Unidos y tres especies en Argentina. Solanum elaeagnifolium se encuentra en Norte y Sudamérica, y es conocida como una nociva hierba invasora en áreas secas de todo el mundo. Los miembros de este grupo son altamente variables en su morfología, lo cual ha llevado a la existencia de mucha sinonimia, particularmente en S. elaeagnifolium . Aquí revisamos la historia taxonómica, morfología, relaciones y ecología de estas especies; así mismo, proveemos claves para su identificación, descripción, sinonimia completa (incluyendo las designaciones de lectotipos) y notas nomenclaturales. Además proveemos ilustraciones, mapas y evaluaciones del estado de conservación de las especies.

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          A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree

          Background The Solanaceae is a plant family of great economic importance. Despite a wealth of phylogenetic work on individual clades and a deep knowledge of particular cultivated species such as tomato and potato, a robust evolutionary framework with a dated molecular phylogeny for the family is still lacking. Here we investigate molecular divergence times for Solanaceae using a densely-sampled species-level phylogeny. We also review the fossil record of the family to derive robust calibration points, and estimate a chronogram using an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock. Results Our densely-sampled phylogeny shows strong support for all previously identified clades of Solanaceae and strongly supported relationships between the major clades, particularly within Solanum. The Tomato clade is shown to be sister to section Petota, and the Regmandra clade is the first branching member of the Potato clade. The minimum age estimates for major splits within the family provided here correspond well with results from previous studies, indicating splits between tomato & potato around 8 Million years ago (Ma) with a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) 7–10 Ma, Solanum & Capsicum c. 19 Ma (95% HPD 17–21), and Solanum & Nicotiana c. 24 Ma (95% HPD 23–26). Conclusions Our large time-calibrated phylogeny provides a significant step towards completing a fully sampled species-level phylogeny for Solanaceae, and provides age estimates for the whole family. The chronogram now includes 40% of known species and all but two monotypic genera, and is one of the best sampled angiosperm family phylogenies both in terms of taxon sampling and resolution published thus far. The increased resolution in the chronogram combined with the large increase in species sampling will provide much needed data for the examination of many biological questions using Solanaceae as a model system.
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            A species definition for the modern synthesis.

            One hundred and thirty-six years since On the Origin of Species 3., biologists might be expected to have an accepted theory of speciation. Instead, there is, if anything, more disagreement about speciation than ever before. Even more surprisingly, 60 years after the biological species concept, in which species were considered to be reproductive communities isolated from other such communities, we still do not all accept a common definition of what a species is. And yet, if speciation is to be any different from ordinary evolution, we must have a clear definition of species. The emerging solution to the species problem is an updated, genetic version of Darwin's own definition. This definition is useful and is already being used in taxonomy, in biodiversity studies and in evolution.
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              History and Concepts of Big Plant Genera

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PhytoKeys
                PhytoKeys
                PhytoKeys
                PhytoKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2011
                1314-2003
                2017
                7 August 2017
                : 84
                : 1-104
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Orto Botanico Forestale di Abetone, Associazione Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoese, Palazzo Achilli, Piazzetta Achilli n. 7 - 51028 Gavinana, Pistoia (PT), Italy
                [3 ] Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Sandra Knapp ( s.knapp@ 123456nhm.ac.uk )

                Academic editor: L. Giacomin

                Article
                10.3897/phytokeys.84.12695
                5624188
                1aec5fc5-3e74-4455-8935-1567f531167d
                Sandra Knapp, Eva Sagona, Anna K.Z. Carbonell, Franco Chiarini

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 March 2017
                : 3 July 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Synthesis of Systematic Resources 226506 501100000780 European Commission http://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780
                Categories
                Research Article

                Plant science & Botany
                amphitropical,conservation status,invasive species,lectotypification,leptostemonum,new world,preliminary conservation status,solanaceae,spiny solanums,weeds,plantae,solanales

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