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      Respiratory infections in children up to two years of age on prophylaxis with palivizumab Translated title: Infecciones respiratorias en niños menores de dos años de edad sometidos a profilaxis con palivizumabe

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE:

          To identify the viruses involved in acute respiratory tract infections and to analyze the rates of hospitalization and death in children on palivizumab prophylaxis.

          METHODS:

          Prospective cohort of 198 infants up to one year old who were born before 29 weeks of gestational age and infants under two years old with hemodynamically unstable cardiopathy or chronic pulmonary disease who received prophylactic palivizumab against severe respiratory syncytial virus infections in 2008. During the study period, in each episode of acute respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngeal aspirate was collected to identify respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, influenza A and B by direct immunofluorescence, rhinovirus and metapneumovirus by polymerase chain reaction preceded by reverse transcription. Data regarding hospitalization and deaths were monitored.

          RESULTS:

          Among the 198 studied infants, 117 (59.1%) presented acute respiratory tract infections, with a total of 175 episodes. Of the 76 nasopharyngeal aspirates collected during respiratory tract infections, 37 were positive, as follow: rhinovirus (75.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (18.9%), parainfluenza (8.1%), adenovirus 2 (2.7%), metapneumovirus (2.7%) and three samples presented multiple agents. Of the 198 children, 48 (24.4%) were hospitalized: 30 (15.2%) for non-infectious etiology and 18 (9.1%) for respiratory causes. Among these 18 children, one case of respiratory syncytial virus was identified. Two deaths were reported, but respiratory syncytial virus was not identified.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          During the prophylaxis period, low frequency of respiratory syncytial virus infections and low rates of hospitalization were observed, suggesting the benefit of palivizumab prophylaxis.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO:

          Identificar los virus implicados en los cuadros de infecciones agudas de trato respiratorio y analizar las tasas de internación y de óbito en niños sometidos a la profilaxis con palivizumabe.

          MÉTODOS:

          Cohorte prospectiva con 198 niños con menos de un año nacidas antes de 29 semanas de edad gestacional y niños con menos de dos años con cardiopatía hemodinámicamente inestable o enfermedad pulmonar crónica que recibieron palivizumabe para profilaxis contra infecciones graves por el virus sincitial respiratorio, en 2008. En el periodo de estudio, en cada episodio de infección aguda del trato respiratorio, se recogió aspirado de nasofaringe para identificar virus sincitial respiratorio, adenovirus, parainfluenza 1,2 y 3, influenza A y B por técnica del anticuerpo fluorescente directa, rinovirus y metapneumovirus por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa precedida por transcriptasa inversa. Se monitorean internaciones y óbitos en ese grupo.

          RESULTADOS:

          De los 198 niños seguidos, 117 (59,1%) presentaron infecciones agudas de trato respiratorio, totalizando 175 episodios. De 76 aspirados de nasofaringe recogidos en la vigencia de infecciones de trato respiratorio, 37 fueron positivos, encontrándose: rinovirus (75,7%), virus sincitial respiratorio (18,9%), parainfluenza (8,1%), adenovirus (2,7%), metapneumovirus (2,7%) y múltiples agentes en tres muestras. De los 198 niños, 48 (24,4%) fueron internados, siendo 30 (15,2%) por etiología no respiratoria y 18 (9,1%) por problemas respiratorios; entre los 18 casos, uno fue por virus sincitial respiratorio. Dos niños evolucionaron a óbito, no habiendo sido identificado el virus sincitial respiratorio.

          CONCLUSIONES:

          En la vigencia de profilaxis, se observó frecuencia baja de infecciones por el virus sincitial respiratorio y bajo índice de hospitalizaciones, sugiriendo beneficio de la profilaxis con palivizumabe.

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          Most cited references28

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          Human metapneumovirus infections in young and elderly adults.

          Human metapneumovirus virus (hMPV) is a newly discovered respiratory pathogen with limited epidemiological data available. Cohorts of young and older adults were prospectively evaluated for hMPV infection during 2 winter seasons. Patients hospitalized for cardiopulmonary conditions during that period were also studied. Overall, 44 (4.5%) of 984 illnesses were associated with hMPV infection, and 9 (4.1%) of 217 asymptomatic subjects were infected. There was a significant difference in rates of hMPV illnesses between years 1 and 2 (7/452 [1.5%] vs. 37/532 [7.0%]; P<.0001). In the second year, 11% of hospitalized patients had evidence of hMPV infection. Infections occurred in all age groups but were most common among young adults. Frail elderly people with hMPV infection frequently sought medical attention. In conclusion, hMPV infection occurs in adults of all ages and may account for a significant portion of persons hospitalized with respiratory infections during some years.
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease

            To evaluate the safety, tolerance, and efficacy of palivizumab in children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 1287 children with CHD randomly assigned 1:1 to receive 5 monthly intramuscular injections of 15 mg/kg palivizumab or placebo. Children were followed for 150 days. The primary efficacy end point was antigen-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization. Palivizumab recipients had a 45% relative reduction in RSV hospitalizations (P=.003), a 56% reduction in total days of RSV hospitalization per 100 children (P=.003), and a 73% reduction in total RSV hospital days with increased supplemental oxygen per 100 children (P=.014). Adverse events were similar in the treatment groups; no child had drug discontinued for a related adverse event. Serious adverse events occurred in 55.4% of palivizumab recipients and 63.1% of placebo recipients (P<.005); none were related to palivizumab. Twenty-one children (3.3%) in the palivizumab group and 27 (4.2%) in the placebo group died; no deaths were attributed to palivizumab. The rates of cardiac surgeries performed earlier than planned were similar in the treatment groups. Monthly palivizumab (15 mg/kg IM) was safe, well-tolerated, and effective for prophylaxis of serious RSV disease in young children with hemodynamically significant CHD.
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              Clinical patterns and seasonal trends in respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in São Paulo, Brazil

              The respiratory viruses are recognized as the most frequent lower respiratory tract pathogens for infants and young children in developed countries but less is known for developing populations. The authors conducted a prospective study to evaluate the occurrence, clinical patterns, and seasonal trends of viral infections among hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract disease (Group A). The presence of respiratory viruses in children's nasopharyngeal was assessed at admission in a pediatric ward. Cell cultures and immunofluorescence assays were used for viral identification. Complementary tests included blood and pleural cultures conducted for bacterial investigation. Clinical data and radiological exams were recorded at admission and throughout the hospitalization period. To better evaluate the results, a non- respiratory group of patients (Group B) was also constituted for comparison. Starting in February 1995, during a period of 18 months, 414 children were included- 239 in Group A and 175 in Group B. In Group A, 111 children (46.4%) had 114 viruses detected while only 5 children (2.9%) presented viruses in Group B. Respiratory Syncytial Virus was detected in 100 children from Group A (41.8%), Adenovirus in 11 (4.6%), Influenza A virus in 2 (0.8%), and Parainfluenza virus in one child (0.4%). In Group A, aerobic bacteria were found in 14 cases (5.8%). Respiratory Syncytial Virus was associated to other viruses and/or bacteria in six cases. There were two seasonal trends for Respiratory Syncytial Virus cases, which peaked in May and June. All children affected by the virus were younger than 3 years of age, mostly less than one year old. Episodic diffuse bronchial commitment and/or focal alveolar condensation were the clinical patterns more often associated to Respiratory Syncytial Virus cases. All children from Group A survived. In conclusion, it was observed that Respiratory Syncytial Virus was the most frequent pathogen found in hospitalized children admitted for severe respiratory diseases. Affected children were predominantly infants and boys presenting bronchiolitis and focal pneumonias. Similarly to what occurs in other subtropical regions, the virus outbreaks peak in the fall and their occurrence extends to the winter, which parallels an increase in hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                June 2014
                June 2014
                : 32
                : 2
                : 152-158
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Escola Paulista de Medicina da Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                [1 ]Escola Paulista de Medicina da Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                Author notes
                Endereço para correspondência: Ana Isabel M. P. Monteiro Rua Loefgreen, 1.998 CEP 04040-003 - São Paulo/SP E-mail: anaisabelmpmonteiro@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflito de interesse: Lily Yin Weckx realiza pesquisa clínica financiada pela GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dome, Novartis, Sanofi e Pfizer e palestras científicas para a GSK, MSD, Abbott, Sanofi, Novartis e Pfizer. Os demais autores não apresentam conflito de interesse

                Endereço para correspondência: Ana Isabel M. P. Monteiro Rua Loefgreen, 1.998 CEP 04040-003 - São Paulo/SP E-mail: anaisabelmpmonteiro@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflito de interesse: Lily Yin Weckx realiza pesquisa clínica financiada pela GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dome, Novartis, Sanofi e Pfizer e palestras científicas para a GSK, MSD, Abbott, Sanofi, Novartis e Pfizer. Os demais autores não apresentam conflito de interesse

                Article
                10.1590/0103-0582201432214813
                4183017
                25119744
                1afe3344-58b2-447e-9e05-bc3c05a73e61

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 September 2013
                : 27 November 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 27, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Article

                respiratory syncytial viruses,antibodies, monoclonal,respiratory tract infections/prevention & control,infant,vírus sinciciais respiratórios,anticorpos monoclonais,infecções respiratórias/prevenção & controle,lactente

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