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      Male reproductive system and spermatogenesis of Limodromus assimilis (Paykull 1790)

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          Abstract

          Based on advanced light and electron microscopy, we describe the male reproductive system and sperm development of Limodromus assimilis. The genital tract consists of pairs of uni-follicular testes, spermatic ducts with diverticula regions, seminal vesicles, accessory glands, an unpaired ejaculatory duct and an aedeagus containing an internal sac equipped with sclerotic scales. Based on their morphology, we draw conclusions about their functions. After spermatogenesis within the follicle, the spermatozoa become released from the sperm cysts. The single spermatozoa move into the diverticula of the vasa deferentia I. Here, they become attached to central rods (spermatostyles), forming secondary conjugates (spermiozeugmata). The coordinated flagella movement of the conjugates possibly improves sperm velocity. Using super-resolution microscopy, we identified highly condensed reticulate chromatin in the lancet-shaped spermatozoa heads and the mitochondrial derivates of the flagella, likely formed by genomic and mitochondrial DNA, respectively. The results show, for the first time, sperm bundle formation in a Platynini species mainly corresponding to that found in Pterostichini species.

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          Male accessory gland secretions: modulators of female reproductive physiology and behavior.

          Secretions of male accessory glands contain a variety of bioactive molecules. When transferred during mating, these molecules exert wide-ranging effects on female reproductive activity and they improve the male's chances of siring a significant proportion of the female's offspring. The accessory gland secretions may affect virtually all aspects of the female's reproductive activity. The secretions may render her unwilling or unable to remate for some time, facilitating sperm storage and ensuring that any eggs laid will be fertilized by that male's sperm. They may stimulate an increase in the number and rate of development of eggs and modulate ovulation and/or oviposition. Antimicrobial agents in the secretions ensure that the female reproductive tract is a hospitable environment during sperm transfer. In a few species the secretions include noxious chemicals. These are sequestered by developing eggs that are thereby protected from predators and pathogens when laid.
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            Nuclear morphologies: their diversity and functional relevance

            Studies of chromosome and genome biology often focus on condensed chromatin in the form of chromosomes and neglect the non-dividing cells. Even when interphase nuclei are considered, they are often then treated as interchangeable round objects. However, different cell types can have very different nuclear shapes, and these shapes have impacts on cellular function; indeed, many pathologies are linked with alterations to nuclear shape. In this review, we describe some of the nuclear morphologies beyond the spherical and ovoid. Many of the leukocytes of the immune system have lobed nuclei, which aid their flexibility and migration; smooth muscle cells have a spindle shaped nucleus, which must deform during muscle contractions; spermatozoa have highly condensed nuclei which adopt varied shapes, potentially associated with swimming efficiency. Nuclei are not passive passengers within the cell. There are clear effects of nuclear shape on the transcriptional activity of the cell. Recent work has shown that regulation of gene expression can be influenced by nuclear morphology, and that cells can drastically remodel their chromatin during differentiation. The link between the nucleoskeleton and the cytoskeleton at the nuclear envelope provides a mechanism for transmission of mechanical forces into the nucleus, directly affecting chromatin compaction and organisation.
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              INSECT SPERM: THEIR STRUCTURE AND MORPHOGENESIS

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                19 July 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 7
                : e0180492
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
                [2 ] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
                University of Hyderabad, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3072-0485
                Article
                PONE-D-15-45592
                10.1371/journal.pone.0180492
                5516968
                28723911
                1b085d3f-dc1e-4928-971c-cb32f8a78516
                © 2017 Schubert et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 October 2015
                : 2 June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 17
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Germ Cells
                Sperm
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Germ Cells
                Sperm
                Sperm Head
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Flagella
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Virulence Factors
                Pathogen Motility
                Flagella
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Bioenergetics
                Energy-Producing Organelles
                Mitochondria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Energy-Producing Organelles
                Mitochondria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Reproductive System
                Seminal Vesicles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Reproductive System
                Seminal Vesicles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Chromosome Biology
                Chromatin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Epigenetics
                Chromatin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Gene Expression
                Chromatin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Beetles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Epithelium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Epithelium
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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