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      The impact of the three most common hand cleansing methods on the bacterial profile: a randomized clinical trial Translated title: El impacto de los tres métodos de limpieza de manos más comunes en el perfil bacteriano: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: The hand harbors different species of bacteria that may play a role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the bacterial profile of hands and assess the efficacy of the three most common methods of hand cleansing on the reduction of that bacteria. Materials and methods: Hand swaps were collected from 150 adults. The identity of bacteria was done by standard microbiological procedures. Each participant applied one of three selected methods of hand cleansing namely, handwashing with water and plain soap, hand rubbing with an alcohol-based sanitizer, and hand wiping with alcohol-free hand sanitizer wipes. A second swap was collected after cleansing to determine the efficacy of each method by calculating the percentage of the reduction of isolated bacteria. Results: Most isolated bacteria were commensal flora like Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (92%), and Corynebacterium spp (81.3%). Other pathogenic bacteria were isolated mainly, Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Escherichia coli (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.6%), Klebsiella spp (2.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (2%). The hand rubbing was more efficacy than handwashing without a statistically significant difference (P>0.05), and the hand wiping had lower efficacy than the other two methods with statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusions: The hand is a serious source of infection due to the variety of bacteria on it. These bacteria can be eliminated either by handwashing with water and plain soap or hand rubbing with an alcohol-based sanitizer. Alcohol-free hand sanitizer wipes should be used just for cleaning without disinfection due to their low efficacy as a sanitizer.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: La mano alberga diferentes especies de bacterias que pueden jugar un papel en la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el perfil bacteriano de las manos y evaluar la eficacia de los tres métodos más comunes de limpieza de manos en la reducción de esa bacteria. Materiales y métodos: Se recolectaron información de las manos de 150 adultos. La identidad de las bacterias se realizó mediante procedimientos microbiológicos estándar. Cada participante aplicó uno de los tres métodos seleccionados de limpieza de manos, a saber: lavarse las manos con agua y jabón común, frotarse las manos con un desinfectante a base de alcohol y limpiarse las manos con toallitas desinfectantes para manos sin alcohol. Se recogió una segunda muestra después de la limpieza para determinar la eficacia de cada método calculando el porcentaje de reducción de bacterias aisladas. Resultados: La mayoría de las bacterias aisladas fueron flora comensal como Staphylococcus Coagulasa Negativo (92%) y Corynebacterium spp (81,3%). Se aislaron otras bacterias patógenas principalmente, Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Escherichia coli (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2,6%), Klebsiella spp (2,6%) y Acinetobacter spp. (2%). Frotar las manos fue más eficaz que lavarse las manos sin una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P> 0,05), y la limpieza de las manos tuvo una eficacia menor que los otros dos métodos con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P <0,001). Conclusiones: La mano es una fuente grave de infección debido a la variedad de bacterias que contiene. Estas bacterias pueden eliminarse lavándose las manos con agua y jabón común o frotándose las manos con un desinfectante a base de alcohol. Las toallitas desinfectantes para manos sin alcohol deben usarse solo para limpiar sin desinfectar debido a su baja eficacia como desinfectantes.

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          Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

          Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in clinical settings is attributed to its ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Biofilm is an architecture built mostly by autogenic extracellular polymeric substances which function as a scaffold to encase the bacteria together on surfaces, and to protect them from environmental stresses, impedes phagocytosis and thereby conferring the capacity for colonization and long-term persistence. Here we review the current knowledge on P. aeruginosa biofilms, its development stages, and molecular mechanisms of invasion and persistence conferred by biofilms. Explosive cell lysis within bacterial biofilm to produce essential communal materials, and interspecies biofilms of P. aeruginosa and commensal Streptococcus which impedes P. aeruginosa virulence and possibly improves disease conditions will also be discussed. Recent research on diagnostics of P. aeruginosa infections will be investigated. Finally, therapeutic strategies for the treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilms along with their advantages and limitations will be compiled.
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            Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America.

            The Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings provides health-care workers (HCWs) with a review of data regarding handwashing and hand antisepsis in health-care settings. In addition, it provides specific recommendations to promote improved hand-hygiene practices and reduce transmission ofpathogenic microorganisms to patients and personnel in health-care settings. This report reviews studies published since the 1985 CDC guideline (Garner JS, Favero MS. CDC guideline for handwashing and hospital environmental control, 1985. Infect Control 1986;7:231-43) and the 1995 APIC guideline (Larson EL, APIC Guidelines Committee. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:251-69) were issued and provides an in-depth review of hand-hygiene practices of HCWs, levels of adherence of personnel to recommended handwashing practices, and factors adversely affecting adherence. New studies of the in vivo efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs and the low incidence of dermatitis associated with their use are reviewed. Recent studies demonstrating the value of multidisciplinary hand-hygiene promotion programs and the potential role of alcohol-based hand rubs in improving hand-hygiene practices are summarized. Recommendations concerning related issues (e.g., the use of surgical hand antiseptics, hand lotions or creams, and wearing of artificial fingernails) are also included.
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              Microbial ecology of human skin in health and disease.

              Cultivation of human skin reveals numerous bacteria and at least one fungus to be normal inhabitants of this ecosystem; however, most of our knowledge about the microbiology of human skin was acquired decades ago. Modern techniques employing nucleic acid-based microbial identification methods demonstrate the limitations of cultivation for appreciating microbial diversity in many ecosystems. The application of modern molecular methods to the study of skin may offer new perspectives on the resident microfora, and new insights into the causes of antibiotic responsive dermatologic conditions, such as acne and rosacea.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijm
                Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine
                Iberoam J Med
                Hospital San Pedro (Logroño, La Rioja, Spain )
                2695-5075
                2695-5075
                2022
                : 4
                : 1
                : 4-10
                Affiliations
                [1] Erbil Kurdistan Region orgnameKnowledge University orgdiv1College of Science orgdiv2Department of Medical Laboratory Science Irak
                Article
                S2695-50752022000100002 S2695-5075(22)00400100002
                10.53986/ibjm.2022.0001
                1b0b911a-8e9a-4c5a-b42d-de2820ac52b1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 October 2021
                : 30 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Article

                Sanitizer,Toallitas para manos,Desinfectante,Lavado de manos,Higiene de manos,Hand wipes,Handwashing,Hand hygiene

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