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      The role of transthoracic echocardiogram in a case of aortic thoracic aneurysm Translated title: El papel del ecocardiograma transtorácico en un caso de aneurisma de la aorta torácica

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The aorta can be affected by a variety of pathologic processes leading to aneurysm, dissection, or ischemic syndromes. The term aneurysm referring to dilatation, the criterion for definition is controversial. An aneurysm is defined as a 50% enlargement of the normal aorta for a particular body surface area, age, and gender. Another proposed definition depends on the affected segment having a diameter more than 1.5 to 2.0 times normal and represents a pathologically dilated segment of the aorta that has the propensity to expand and rupture. The maximum diameter of the thoracic aorta should not exceed 40 mm. The aorta is a geometrically complex and dynamic evaluation structure is not simple. The aortic aneurysms are associated with degenerative changes, congenital anomalies, inflammatory, micotic, traumatic, or post-stenotic process. The majority of ascending aortic aneurysms are detected as incidental. Echocardiography is the most useful tool for diagnostic evaluation, etiology, progression, risk of rupture, need for intervention and response to treatment of thoracic aneurysms. The predicted aortic root diameter or PARD, the diameter ratio, area height ratio, expansion rate and Z-score; improve the detection and limit the error rates so we must apply them routinely in the echocardiographic examination of patients with suspected or diagnosed aortic aneurysm. Echocardiographic evaluation of the aorta should not be limited to simply measuring the diameter.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: La aorta puede afectarse por una variedad de procesos patológicos que conducen al desarrollo de aneurismas, disección o de síndromes isquémicos. El término aneurisma hace referencia a una dilatación, el criterio de definición es polémico. Un aneurisma se establece como un incremento del 50% de las dimensiones normales aórticas para una determinada superficie corporal, edad y género. Otra definición propuesta depende de que el segmento afectado tenga un diámetro de 1.5 a 2.0 veces por encima del normal y representa un segmento aórtico con dilatación patológica que tiene la propensión a la expansión y a la ruptura. El diámetro máximo de la aorta torácica no debe superar los 40.0 mm. La aorta es una estructura geométricamente compleja y dinámica cuya evaluación no es simple. Los aneurismas aórticos están asociados con cambios degenerativos, anomalías congénitas, procesos inflamatorios, micóticos, traumáticos o postestenóticos. La mayoría de los aneurismas de la aorta ascendente se detectan de manera incidental. La ecocardiografía es la herramienta más útil para la evaluación diagnóstica, etiológica, de progresión, del riesgo de ruptura, intervención y en la respuesta al tratamiento de los aneurismas torácicos. El diámetro de la raíz aórtica predicho o DRAP, la relación del diámetro, la proporción de altura-área, la tasa de expansión y el score-Z, mejoran la detección y delimitan la tasa de error por lo que su aplicación debe ser rutinaria en la ecocardiografía transtorácica de aquellos pacientes con sospecha o diagnóstico de aneurisma aórtico. La evaluación ecocardiográfica de la aorta no se debe limitar a la simple medición del diámetro.

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          Most cited references24

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          A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association.

          This report is the continuation of two earlier reports that defined human arterial intima and precursors of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in humans. This report describes the characteristic components and pathogenic mechanisms of the various advanced atherosclerotic lesions. These, with the earlier definitions of precursor lesions, led to the histological classification of human atherosclerotic lesions found in the second part of this report. The Committee on Vascular Lesions also attempted to correlate the appearance of lesions noted in clinical imaging studies with histological lesion types and corresponding clinical syndromes. In the histological classification, lesions are designated by Roman numerals, which indicate the usual sequence of lesion progression. The initial (type 1) lesion contains enough atherogenic lipoprotein to elicit an increase in macrophages and formation of scattered macrophage foam cells. As in subsequent lesion types, the changes are more marked in locations of arteries with adaptive intimal thickening. (Adaptive thickenings, which are present at constant locations in everyone from birth, do not obstruct the lumen and represent adaptations to local mechanical forces). Type II lesions consist primarily of layers of macrophage foam cells and lipid-laden smooth muscle cells and include lesions grossly designated as fatty streaks. Type III is the intermediate stage between type II and type IV (atheroma, a lesion that is potentially symptom-producing). In addition to the lipid-laden cells of type II, type III lesions contain scattered collections of extracellular lipid droplets and particles that disrupt the coherence of some intimal smooth muscle cells. This extracellular lipid is the immediate precursor of the larger, confluent, and more disruptive core of extracellular lipid that characterizes type IV lesions. Beginning around the fourth decade of life, lesions that usually have a lipid core may also contain thick layers of fibrous connective tissue (type V lesion) and/or fissure, hematoma, and thrombus (type VI lesion). Some type V lesions are largely calcified (type Vb), and some consist mainly of fibrous connective tissue and little or no accumulated lipid or calcium (type Vc).
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            Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms.

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              Thoracic aortic aneurysm clinically pertinent controversies and uncertainties.

              This paper addresses clinical controversies and uncertainties regarding thoracic aortic aneurysm and its treatment. 1) Estimating true aortic size is confounded by obliquity, asymmetry, and noncorresponding sites: both echocardiography and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging are necessary for complete assessment. 2) Epidemiology of thoracic aortic aneurysm. There has been a bona fide increase in incidence of aortic aneurysm making aneurysm disease the 18th most common cause of death. 3) Aortic growth rate. Although a virulent disease, thoracic aortic aneurysm is an indolent process. The thoracic aorta grows slowly-0.1 cm/year. 4) Evidence-based intervention criteria. It is imperative to extirpate the thoracic aorta before rupture or dissection occurs; surgery at 5.0- to 5.5-cm diameter will prevent most adverse natural events. Symptomatic (painful) aneurysms must be resected regardless of size. 5) Development of nonsize criteria. Mechanical properties of the aorta deteriorate at the same 6 cm at which dissection occurs; elastic properties of the aorta may soon become useful intervention criteria. 6) Medical treatment of aortic aneurysm. Medical treatment is of unproven value, even beta-blockers and angiotensin-receptor blockers. 7) A genetic disease. Even non-Marfan aneurysms have a strong genetic basis. 8) Need for biomarkers. Virulent but silent, TAA cries out for a biomarker that can predict the onset of adverse events. Pathophysiologic understanding has led to identification of promising biomarkers, especially metalloproteinases. 9) Endovascular therapy for aneurysms. Endovascular therapy has burgeoned, despite the fact that the EVAR-2, DREAM, and INSTEAD trials showed no benefit at mid-term over medical or conventional surgical therapy. We must avoid "irrational exuberance." 10) Inciting events for acute aortic dissection. Recent evidence shows that dissections are preceded by a specific severe exertional or emotional event. 11) "Silver lining" of aortic disease. Proximal aortic root disease seems to protect against arteriosclerosis. Copyright 2010 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmc
                Revista mexicana de cardiología
                Rev. Mex. Cardiol
                Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México, Sociedad de Cardiología Intervencionista de México (México, DF, Mexico )
                0188-2198
                December 2017
                : 28
                : 4
                : 206-220
                Affiliations
                [1] Mexico City orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1CMN «La Raza» orgdiv2Hospital de Especialidades «Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret» Mexico
                Article
                S0188-21982017000400206
                1b0e9acf-3e87-42dc-9e5e-a6ce7ba85386

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 May 2017
                : 04 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Clinical cases

                Dilatación aórtica,aneurismas de aorta torácica,ecocardiograma,Aortic dilatation,thoracic aortic aneurysms,echocardiogram

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