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      Effects of lobeglitazone on insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice

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          Abstract

          Lobeglitazone (Lobe) is a novel thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug that reduces insulin resistance by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). However, the exact mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of Lobe have not been established in an animal model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of Lobe and investigate possible factors involved in Lobe-enhanced hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Mice were fed an HFD for 15 weeks. Lobe was administrated orally during the last 9 weeks. Lobe treatment significantly reduced insulin resistance and increased expression of hepatic glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and PPARs in HFD-fed mice. However, increased body weight and hepatic steatosis were not reduced by Lobe in these mice. Metabolomics fingerprinting showed that several lipogenesis-related hepatic and serum metabolites in HFD-fed mice had positive or negative correlations with Lobe administration. In particular, increased leptin levels during HFD were further increased by Lobe. HFD-induced signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in the hypothalamus was increased by Lobe. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed more proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-positive neurons in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice (with or without Lobe) compared with normal diet-fed mice. Despite improving leptin signaling in the hypothalamus and enhancing insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice, Lobe increased body weight and steatosis. Further research is necessary regarding other factors affecting Lobe-enhanced hepatic steatosis and hyperphagia.

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          Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in humans.

          Lipocalin-2, a 25-kDa secreted glycoprotein, is a useful biomarker for early detection of various renal injuries. Because lipocalin-2 is abundantly expressed in adipose tissue and liver, we investigated its relevance to obesity-related pathologies. We used real-time PCR and in-house immunoassays to quantify the mRNA and serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 in C57BL/KsJ db/db obese mice and their age- and sex-matched lean littermates. We analyzed the association between serum lipocalin-2 concentrations and various metabolic and inflammatory variables in 229 persons (121 men and 108 women) recruited from a previous cross-sectional study, and we evaluated the effect of the insulin-sensitizing drug rosiglitazone on serum lipocalin-2 concentrations in 32 diabetic patients (21 men and 11 women). Compared with the lean littermates, lipocalin-2 mRNA expression in adipose tissue and liver and its circulating concentrations were significantly increased in db/db diabetic/obese mice (P <0.001). These changes were normalized after rosiglitazone treatment. In humans, circulating lipocalin-2 concentrations were positively correlated (P <0.005) with adiposity, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and the insulin resistance index, but negatively correlated (P = 0.002) with HDL cholesterol. There was also a strong positive association between lipocalin-2 concentrations and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), independent of age, sex, and adiposity (P = 0.007). Furthermore, rosiglitazone-mediated decreases in lipocalin-2 concentrations correlated significantly with increases in insulin sensitivity (r = 0.527; P = 0.002) and decreases in hs-CRP concentrations (r = 0.509; P = 0.003). Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely related to obesity and its metabolic complications. Measurement of serum lipocalin-2 might be useful for evaluating the outcomes of various clinical interventions for obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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            Targeted disruption of the glucose transporter 4 selectively in muscle causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.

            The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is growing worldwide. By the year 2020, 250 million people will be afflicted. Most forms of type 2 diabetes are polygenic with complex inheritance patterns, and penetrance is strongly influenced by environmental factors. The specific genes involved are not yet known, but impaired glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is an early, genetically determined defect that is present in non-diabetic relatives of diabetic subjects. The rate-limiting step in muscle glucose use is the transmembrane transport of glucose mediated by glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 (ref. 4), which is expressed mainly in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue. GLUT4 mediates glucose transport stimulated by insulin and contraction/exercise. The importance of GLUT4 and glucose uptake in muscle, however, was challenged by two recent observations. Whereas heterozygous GLUT4 knockout mice show moderate glucose intolerance, homozygous whole-body GLUT4 knockout (GLUT4-null) mice have only mild perturbations in glucose homeostasis and have growth retardation, depletion of fat stores, cardiac hypertrophy and failure, and a shortened life span. Moreover, muscle-specific inactivation of the insulin receptor results in minimal, if any, change in glucose tolerance. To determine the importance of glucose uptake into muscle for glucose homeostasis, we disrupted GLUT4 selectively in mouse muscles. A profound reduction in basal glucose transport and near-absence of stimulation by insulin or contraction resulted. These mice showed severe insulin resistance and glucose intolerance from an early age. Thus, GLUT4-mediated glucose transport in muscle is essential to the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis.
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              Resveratrol Attenuates Obesity-Associated Peripheral and Central Inflammation and Improves Memory Deficit in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

              Obesity-induced diabetes is associated with chronic inflammation and is considered a risk factor for neurodegeneration. We tested the hypothesis that an AMP-activated protein kinase activator, resveratrol (RES), which is known to exert potent anti-inflammatory effects, would attenuate peripheral and central inflammation and improve memory deficit in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD or an HFD supplemented with RES for 20 weeks. Metabolic parameters in serum were evaluated, and Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry in peripheral organs and brain were completed. We used the Morris water maze test to study the role of RES on memory function in HFD-treated mice. RES treatment reduced hepatic steatosis, macrophage infiltration, and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. In the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice, the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and Iba-1 expression were reduced by RES treatment. Choline acetyltransferase was increased, and the phosphorylation of tau was decreased in the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice upon RES treatment. In particular, we found that RES significantly improved memory deficit in HFD-fed mice. These findings indicate that RES reverses obesity-related peripheral and central inflammation and metabolic derangements and improves memory deficit in HFD-fed diabetic mice.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 July 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 7
                : e0200336
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
                [2 ] Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
                [3 ] EZmass Co., Ltd., Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
                [4 ] Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
                [5 ] Department of Food Science and Technology, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
                [6 ] Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
                East Tennessee State University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Author Hyun-Jin Kim is affiliated with EZmass Co., Ltd., which is a Personal Venture Company of Dr. Hyun-Jin Kim’s lab at Gyeongsang National University. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0540-5173
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-9628
                Article
                PONE-D-18-05528
                10.1371/journal.pone.0200336
                6034891
                29979770
                1b221f83-76e8-4289-b4ff-960147c55feb
                © 2018 Choi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 February 2018
                : 25 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea;
                Award ID: 2015R1A5A2008833
                Award Recipient :
                This study (GSR) was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (No. 2015R1A5A2008833). Author Hyun-Jin Kim is affiliated to EZmass Co., Ltd., which is a Personal Venture Company of Dr. Hyun-Jin Kim’s lab at Gyeongsang National University. EZmass Co., Ltd. provided support in the form of salary for author H-JK, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Metabolism
                Metabolites
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Peptide Hormones
                Leptin
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Diabetic Endocrinology
                Insulin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Insulin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Insulin Resistance
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Anatomical Pathology
                Cytopathology
                Steatosis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Gastroenterology and Hepatology
                Liver Diseases
                Fatty Liver
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fats
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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