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      Efectos del cambio climático en la salud pública, 2015-2020. Una revisión sistemática Translated title: Effects of climate change on Public Health 2015-2020. A systematic review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Fundamentos: El cambio climático antropogénico es un fenómeno que adquiere cada vez más importancia en muchos ámbitos como la economía y la política, pero además tiene gran relevancia científica debido a los importantes efectos que tiene en la salud de las personas. La relación del cambio climático con la salud ha provocado un aumento de la producción de conocimiento científico acerca de este tema y por ello el objetivo de este artículo fue proporcionar una revisión actualizada de la evidencia científica de acceso abierto, en los últimos cinco años, relacionada con los efectos del cambio climático antropogénico en la Salud Pública. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, en español e inglés, en cuatro bases de datos sin subscripción, a partir de términos de tesauros en línea; se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión, y una evaluación con la estrategia STROBE. Resultados: Se analizaron finalmente 18 publicaciones evidenciando la relación entre los eventos extremos, como olas de calor y frío, con el aumento de la mortalidad por diversas causas, especialmente por infartos; la alteración de los periodos de lluvias y sequía como un determinante de diversas enfermedades infecciosas; la contaminación del aire por las emisiones derivadas del uso de combustibles fósiles con la reducción de 2,9 años de la expectativa de vida mundial. Además, otros autores reportaron predicciones a partir de alteraciones del clima en riesgos a la salud; y las percepciones de la población y de los responsables de políticas públicas sobre los impactos del cambio climático en la salud. Conclusiones: Los estudios, sin importar la región o país, se conectan entre sí, mostrando las relaciones e impactos, locales y globales, de las variaciones climáticas sobre la salud de las poblaciones.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Background: Anthropogenic climate change is a phenomenon that is becoming increasingly important in many areas such as economics and politics, but it also has great scientific relevance due to the important effects it has on people's health, the relationship between climate change and Health has caused an increase in the production of scientific knowledge about this topic and therefore the objective of this article was to provide an updated review of the open access scientific evidence, in the last five years, related to the effects of anthropogenic climate change in Public Health. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, in Spanish and English, in four non-subscription databases; using online thesaurus terms, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, an evaluation with the STROBE checklist were applied. Results: Finally, 18 publications were analyzed. These showed: the relationship between extreme events, such as heat and cold waves, with the increase in mortality from various causes, especially from heart attacks; the alteration of the rainy and drought periods as a determinant of various infectious diseases; air pollution from emissions derived from the use of fossil fuels with the reduction of 2.9 years in world life expectancy. In addition, other authors reported predictions from climate alterations in health risks; and perceptions of the population, and decision-makers about the impacts of climate change on Public Health. Conclusion: The studies, regardless of the region or country, showing the relationships and impacts, local and global, of climatic variations on the health of populations.

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          Most cited references37

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          Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes -borne virus transmission risk with climate change

          Forecasting the impacts of climate change on Aedes-borne viruses—especially dengue, chikungunya, and Zika—is a key component of public health preparedness. We apply an empirically parameterized model of viral transmission by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, as a function of temperature, to predict cumulative monthly global transmission risk in current climates, and compare them with projected risk in 2050 and 2080 based on general circulation models (GCMs). Our results show that if mosquito range shifts track optimal temperature ranges for transmission (21.3–34.0°C for Ae. aegypti; 19.9–29.4°C for Ae. albopictus), we can expect poleward shifts in Aedes-borne virus distributions. However, the differing thermal niches of the two vectors produce different patterns of shifts under climate change. More severe climate change scenarios produce larger population exposures to transmission by Ae. aegypti, but not by Ae. albopictus in the most extreme cases. Climate-driven risk of transmission from both mosquitoes will increase substantially, even in the short term, for most of Europe. In contrast, significant reductions in climate suitability are expected for Ae. albopictus, most noticeably in southeast Asia and west Africa. Within the next century, nearly a billion people are threatened with new exposure to virus transmission by both Aedes spp. in the worst-case scenario. As major net losses in year-round transmission risk are predicted for Ae. albopictus, we project a global shift towards more seasonal risk across regions. Many other complicating factors (like mosquito range limits and viral evolution) exist, but overall our results indicate that while climate change will lead to increased net and new exposures to Aedes-borne viruses, the most extreme increases in Ae. albopictus transmission are predicted to occur at intermediate climate change scenarios.
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            Impact of recent and future climate change on vector‐borne diseases

            Abstract Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century. Climate directly impacts health through climatic extremes, air quality, sea‐level rise, and multifaceted influences on food production systems and water resources. Climate also affects infectious diseases, which have played a significant role in human history, impacting the rise and fall of civilizations and facilitating the conquest of new territories. Our review highlights significant regional changes in vector and pathogen distribution reported in temperate, peri‐Arctic, Arctic, and tropical highland regions during recent decades, changes that have been anticipated by scientists worldwide. Further future changes are likely if we fail to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Many key factors affect the spread and severity of human diseases, including mobility of people, animals, and goods; control measures in place; availability of effective drugs; quality of public health services; human behavior; and political stability and conflicts. With drug and insecticide resistance on the rise, significant funding and research efforts must to be maintained to continue the battle against existing and emerging diseases, particularly those that are vector borne.
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              Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate

              Significance We assessed the effects of air pollution and greenhouse gases on public health, climate, and the hydrologic cycle. We combined a global atmospheric chemistry–climate model with air pollution exposure functions, based on an unmatched large number of cohort studies in many countries. We find that fossil-fuel-related emissions account for about 65% of the excess mortality rate attributable to air pollution, and 70% of the climate cooling by anthropogenic aerosols. We conclude that to save millions of lives and restore aerosol-perturbed rainfall patterns, while limiting global warming to 2 °C, a rapid phaseout of fossil-fuel-related emissions and major reductions of other anthropogenic sources are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                2021
                : 95
                : e202103042
                Affiliations
                [1] Santa Marta Magdalena orgnameUniversidad del Magdalena orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Grupo de Investigación Ciencias del Cuidado en Enfermería Colombia
                Article
                S1135-57272021000100501 S1135-5727(21)09500000501
                1b38964f-7577-44f0-84fd-6ac03f5ca5a6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 November 2020
                : 08 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Public Health


                Climate change,Public Health,Systematic review,Salud Pública,Revisión sistemática,Cambio climático

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