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      Nanoscale Self-Assembly for Therapeutic Delivery

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          Abstract

          Self-assembly is the process of association of individual units of a material into highly arranged/ordered structures/patterns. It imparts unique properties to both inorganic and organic structures, so generated, via non-covalent interactions. Currently, self-assembled nanomaterials are finding a wide variety of applications in the area of nanotechnology, imaging techniques, biosensors, biomedical sciences, etc., due to its simplicity, spontaneity, scalability, versatility, and inexpensiveness. Self-assembly of amphiphiles into nanostructures (micelles, vesicles, and hydrogels) happens due to various physical interactions. Recent advancements in the area of drug delivery have opened up newer avenues to develop novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) and self-assembled nanostructures have shown their tremendous potential to be used as facile and efficient materials for this purpose. The main objective of the projected review is to provide readers a concise and straightforward knowledge of basic concepts of supramolecular self-assembly process and how these highly functionalized and efficient nanomaterials can be useful in biomedical applications. Approaches for the self-assembly have been discussed for the fabrication of nanostructures. Advantages and limitations of these systems along with the parameters that are to be taken into consideration while designing a therapeutic delivery vehicle have also been outlined. In this review, various macro- and small-molecule-based systems have been elaborated. Besides, a section on DNA nanostructures as intelligent materials for future applications is also included.

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          Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.

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            Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

            In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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              New Developments in Liposomal Drug Delivery.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
                Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-4185
                25 February 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : 127
                Affiliations
                Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Delhi, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: Gianni Ciofani, Italian Institute of Technology, Italy

                Reviewed by: Veikko Linko, Aalto University, Finland; Stefano Leporatti, Italian National Research Council, Italy

                *Correspondence: Pradeep Kumar, pkumar@ 123456igib.res.in

                This article was submitted to Nanobiotechnology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

                Article
                10.3389/fbioe.2020.00127
                7051917
                32158749
                1b636045-2262-470d-bc28-5979df0308eb
                Copyright © 2020 Yadav, Sharma and Kumar.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 27 September 2019
                : 10 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 177, Pages: 24, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India 10.13039/501100001412
                Categories
                Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Review

                self-assembly,nanostructures,amphiphilicity,polymers,small molecules,drug delivery

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