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      The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation

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          Abstract

          Animals have always been important for human life due to the ecological, cultural, and economic functions that they represent. This has allowed building several kinds of relationships that have promoted different emotions in human societies. The objective of this review was to identify the main emotions that humans show toward wildlife species and the impact of such emotions on animal population management. We reviewed academic databases to identify previous studies on this topic worldwide. An analysis of the emotions on wildlife and factors causing them is described in this study. We identified a controversy about these emotions. Large predators such as wolves, coyotes, bears, big felids, and reptiles, such as snakes and geckos, promote mainly anger, fear, and disgust. This is likely due to the perceptions, beliefs, and experiences that societies have historically built around them. However, in some social groups these animals have promoted emotions such as happiness due to their values for people. Likewise, sadness is an emotion expressed for the threatening situations that animals are currently facing. Furthermore, we associated the conservation status of wildlife species identified in the study with human emotions to discuss their relevance for emerging conservation strategies, particularly focused on endangered species promoting ambiguous emotions in different social groups.

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          How many species of mammals are there?

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            Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass.

            Participants searched for discrepant fear-relevant pictures (snakes or spiders) in grid-pattern arrays of fear-irrelevant pictures belonging to the same category (flowers or mushrooms) and vice versa. Fear-relevant pictures were found more quickly than fear-irrelevant ones. Fear-relevant, but not fear-irrelevant, search was unaffected by the location of the target in the display and by the number of distractors, which suggests parallel search for fear-relevant targets and serial search for fear-irrelevant targets. Participants specifically fearful of snakes but not spiders (or vice versa) showed facilitated search for the feared objects but did not differ from controls in search for nonfeared fear-relevant or fear-irrelevant, targets. Thus, evolutionary relevant threatening stimuli were effective in capturing attention, and this effect was further facilitated if the stimulus was emotionally provocative.
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              What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                24 June 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 1277
                Affiliations
                [1] 1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur – Unidad San Cristóbal , San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico
                [2] 2Instituto Amazônico de Agriculturas Familiares, Universidade Federal do Pará , Belém, Brazil
                Author notes

                Edited by: Cédric Sueur, UMR 7178 Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), France

                Reviewed by: Silvie Rádlová, National Institute of Mental Health, Czechia; Pavol Prokop, Comenius University, Slovakia; Jakub Polák, National Institute of Mental Health, Czechia

                *Correspondence: Dídac Santos-Fita, dsantofi@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Comparative Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277
                7326805
                32670150
                1b69c149-0787-45b2-94ba-28d04e394f00
                Copyright © 2020 Castillo-Huitrón, Naranjo, Santos-Fita and Estrada-Lugo.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 February 2020
                : 15 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 135, Pages: 11, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Review

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                anger,disgust,fear,happiness,mammals,reptiles
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                anger, disgust, fear, happiness, mammals, reptiles

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