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      Análisis histórico epidemiológico de la pandemia de gripa de 1918-1919 en Boyacá, un siglo después Translated title: Análise histórica epidemiológica da pandemia de gripe de 1918-1919 em Boyacá, um século depois Translated title: Historical and Epidemiological Analysis of the Pandemic Flu of 1918-1919 in Boyaca a Century Later

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la gripa que ocurrió entre 1918-1919 causó la mayor mortalidad en la historia de las pandemias, se estima que 50 millones de personas fallecieron. Se realizó un estudio histórico-epidemiológico a partir de fuentes documentales contrastadas con un análisis estadístico de 142963 registros de defunción consignados en los libros parroquiales de 94 municipios de Boyacá y los censos de los años 1912, 1918 y 1928. Desarrollo: a partir de las fuentes primarias obtenidas, se reconstruye la realidad socio-sanitaria de Boyacá y el desarrollo cronológico de la pandemia en el departamento. La gripa era conocida en Boyacá antes de la pandemia. Durante el periodo pandémico (1918-1919) se encontraron 20102 decesos en los libros parroquiales, 3305 registrados como gripa, de los cuales el 80.9 % ocurrieron en los últimos 3 meses de 1918, siendo los menores de 4 años el grupo poblacional más afectado. Conclusiones: después de la pandemia, la gripa se hace endémica en Boyacá. En el periodo pandémico, la tasa promedio de mortalidad en los municipios ubicados sobre los 2000 msnm es tres veces mayor a aquellos que se encuentran por debajo de esta altura. Las condiciones de pobreza y hacinamiento acentuaron la letalidad de la pandemia, por lo que fueron ineficientes las acciones de las direcciones de higiene para enfrentarla. Las juntas de socorros y la Junta Patriótica de Sanidad son las únicas que realizaron acciones efectivas.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Introdução: a gripe de 1918-1919 causou a maior mortalidade na história das pandemias, estima-se que 50 milhões de pessoas faleceram. Se realizou um estudo histórico-epidemiológico a partir de fontes documentais contrastadas com uma análise estatística de 142.963 atestados de óbito consignados nos livros paroquiais de 94 municípios de Boyacá e os censos dos anos 1912, 1918 e 1928. Desenvolvimento: a partir das fontes primárias obtidas, se reconstrói a realidade socio sanitária de Boyacá e o desenvolvimento cronológico da pandemia no departamento. A gripe era conhecida em Boyacá antes da pandemia. Durante o período pandémico (1918-1919) se encontraram 20 102 decessos nos livros paroquiais, 3.305 registrados como gripe, dos quais o 80. 9% ocorreram nos últimos 3 meses de 1918, sendo os menores de 4 anos, o grupo populacional mais afetado. Conclusões: depois da pandemia, a gripe se faz endémica em Boyacá. No período pandémico a taxa média de mortalidade nos municípios localizados sobre os 2000 msnm, é três vezes maior àqueles que se encontram por debaixo desta altura. As condições de pobreza e amontoamento acentuaram a letalidade da pandemia, sendo ineficientes as ações das direções de higiene para enfrenta-la. As juntas de socorros e a Junta Patriótica de Sanidade, são as únicas que realizam ações efetivas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: The flu of 1918-1919 caused the highest mortality in the history of pandemics; there is an estimate that 50 million people died. We conducted a historical-epidemiological study from documentary sources, contrasted with a statistical analysis of 142,963 deaths recorded in the church books of 94 municipalities of Boyaca and the census of the years 1912, 1918 and 1928. Development: From the historical records consulted, we reconstructed the social health reality of Boyaca, as well as the chronological development of the pandemic. Boyaca knew the flu before the pandemic (1918-1919). During it, the church books recorded 20,102 deaths; the flu was responsible for 3,305. Of those cases, 80.9 % occurred in the last three months of 1918; the most affected population were children of less than four years of age. Conclusions: After the pandemic, the flu became endemic in Boyaca. In the pandemic period, the average mortality rate in municipalities located above 2000 MASL was three times higher than those below this height. The conditions of poverty and overcrowding accentuated the lethality of the pandemic; the hygiene directives to face them were inefficient. The relief and the Patriotic Health Board were the only ones that carried out effective actions.

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          A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.

          The Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 was a cataclysmic outbreak of infection wherein over 50 million people died worldwide within 18 months. The question of the origin is important because most influenza surveillance at present is focussed on S.E. Asia. Two later pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 arose in this region. However we present evidence that early outbreaks of a new disease with rapid onset and spreadability, high mortality in young soldiers in the British base camp at Etaples in Northern France in the winter of 1917 is, at least to date, the most likely focus of origin of the pandemic. Pathologists working at Etaples and Aldershot barracks later agreed that these early outbreaks in army camps were the same disease as the infection wave of influenza in 1918. The Etaples camp had the necessary mixture of factors for emergence of pandemic influenza including overcrowding (with 100,000 soldiers daily changing), live pigs, and nearby live geese, duck and chicken markets, horses and an additional factor 24 gases (some of them mutagenic) used in large 100 ton quantities to contaminate soldiers and the landscape. The final trigger for the ensuing pandemic was the return of millions of soldiers to their homelands around the entire world in the autumn of 1918.
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            Impacto de la pandemia de gripa de 1918-1919 sobre el perfil de mortalidad general en Boyacá, Colombia

            OBJETIVO: Describir el impacto epidemiológico y social de la pandemia de gripa de 1918-1919 en 41 municipios de Boyacá, Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo empírico-analítico, histórico, con enfoque epidemiológico. Se estableció el volumen y estructura de la población y se determinaron tasas de mortalidad para las variables de tiempo, persona y lugar. RESULTADOS: La pandemia se inició en octubre de 1918 en Bogotá y se extendió a Boyacá por carretera. No se encontraron las tres oleadas cronológicas descritas en la literatura. Encontramos diferencias significativas en el comportamiento de la pandemia de gripa en el departamento de Boyacá en comparación con lo descrito en Europa y Norteamérica por la literatura especializada.
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              Influenza: Historia de una enfermedad

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                recis
                Revista Ciencias de la Salud
                Rev. Cienc. Salud
                Editorial Universidad del Rosario (Bogotá, D:C:, Colombia )
                1692-7273
                August 2019
                : 17
                : 2
                : 334-351
                Affiliations
                [1] Boyacá orgnameUniversidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina, uptc orgdiv2Grupo de Investigación Historia de la Salud en Boyacá Colombia
                Article
                S1692-72732019000200334
                10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.7944
                1b6be5d8-f4ad-4080-b059-be0642b1afa6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 June 2018
                : 18 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Artículos de investigación en estudios sociales de la salud

                Boyacá,epidemiologia histórica,pandemia de gripe de 1918,epidemiología histórica,pandemia de gripa de 1918,historical epidemiology,Influenza pandemic of 1918

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