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      Salud oral: influencia de los estilos de vida en adolescentes Translated title: Adolescent lifestyle and its influence on oral health

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          Abstract

          Introducción: la alta prevalencia de patología bucodental en adolescentes, junto con la relación directa o indirecta entre patología y hábitos, hacen necesaria la prevención y promoción oral a nivel escolar, sanitario y familiar. Nuestro objetivo principal fue mediante un cuestionario sobre hábitos de estilo de vida en adolescentes, conocer la prevalencia de estos y su relación con la salud bucodental. Material y métodos: estudio observacional de corte transversal en 39 escolares, preadolescentes y adolescentes de 12 a 17 años. Se realizó un cuestionario de 42 preguntas que fue entregado a los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron mediante tablas de contingencia y con un valor de significación p <0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de escolares con correcta frecuencia de cepillado es del 54% y solo el 48,7% visita al odontólogo una vez al año. Existe relación significativa entre la nacionalidad y las visitas al dentista (p = 0,02) o entre la frecuencia de cepillado con el desayuno (p = 0,005), consumo de bollería industrial o bocadillos (p = 0,02), o refrescos (p = 0,011), utilización de ordenador, televisión y videoconsola (p = 0,049); y el sedentarismo (p = 0,00). Conclusión: se obtuvieron resultados estadísticamente significativos al relacionar hábitos de estilo de vida y salud oral. En la adolescencia es fundamental la creación de estrategias de prevención y promoción en salud dental, para instaurar rutinas correctas que no afecten a la salud general del adolescente.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: the high prevalence of oral disease in adolescents, together with the direct or indirect association between disease and lifestyle habits, call for the implementation of oral health prevention and promotion strategies at the school, household and public health levels. Our main objective was to design a questionnaire on lifestyle habits in adolescents to determine their prevalence and assess their association with oral health. Materials and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional observational study in 39 preadolescent and adolescent students aged 12 to 17 years. We developed a 42-item questionnaire and administered it to participating students. We analysed the obtained responses using contingency tables, defining statistical significance as a p-value of <0.05. Results: we found that the frequency of brushing was correct in 54% of participating students, while only 48.7% visit the dentist every year. We found a significant association between nationality and visits to the dentist (p = 0.02) and between the frequency of brushing with: eating breakfast (p = 0.005), consumption of industrial baked goods or snacks (p = 0.02) and consumption of sugary drinks (p = 0.011), the use of computer, television and gaming consoles (p = 0.049), and a sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.00). Conclusion: we found statistically significant associations between lifestyle habits and oral health. The development and implementation of oral health prevention and promotion strategies targeting the adolescent population is essential in order to establish adequate habits that will not have a detrimental effect on the general health of the adolescent.

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          Body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review of literature published 2004 to 2011

          The objective The authors undertook an updated systematic review of the relationship between body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents. Method The authors searched Medline, ISI, Cochrane, Scopus, Global Health and CINAHL databases and conducted lateral searches from reference lists for papers published from 2004 to 2011, inclusive. All empirical papers that tested associations between body mass index and dental caries in child and adolescent populations (aged 0 to 18 years) were included. Results Dental caries is associated with both high and low body mass index. Conclusion A non-linear association between body mass index and dental caries may account for inconsistent findings in previous research. We recommend future research investigate the nature of the association between body mass index and dental caries in samples that include a full range of body mass index scores, and explore how factors such as socioeconomic status mediate the association between body mass index and dental caries.
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            Hábitos alimentarios de niños en edad escolar y el papel de la educación para la salud

            Se realizó una revisión teórica acerca del papel de la familia, los anuncios publicitarios y la escuela, en la adopción, o bien modificación de los hábitos alimentarios de los niños. Debido a que las nuevas dinámicas familiares y la gran exposición de los niños a los comerciales alimentarios han modificado los patrones de consumo de los niños originando con ello el aumento de la obesidad infantil, motivo por el que se enfatiza la importancia de la educación para la salud como herramienta preventiva y promocional en el cambio de conductas relacionadas con la adopción de hábitos alimentarios saludables, destacando el desarrollo de programas nutricionales aplicados en escuelas con el objetivo de buscar el trabajo conjunto entre los padres de familia y los profesores, para lograr modificar conductas no saludables y lograr estilos de vida saludables.
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              Lifestyle intervention for improving school achievement in overweight or obese children and adolescents.

              The prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence is high. Excessive body fat at a young age is likely to persist into adulthood and is associated with physical and psychosocial co-morbidities, as well as lower cognitive, school and later life achievement. Lifestyle changes, including reduced caloric intake, decreased sedentary behaviour and increased physical activity, are recommended for prevention and treatment of child and adolescent obesity. Evidence suggests that lifestyle interventions can benefit cognitive function and school achievement in children of normal weight. Similar beneficial effects may be seen in overweight or obese children and adolescents. To assess whether lifestyle interventions (in the areas of diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and behavioural therapy) improve school achievement, cognitive function and future success in overweight or obese children and adolescents compared with standard care, waiting list control, no treatment or attention control. We searched the following databases in May 2013: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, ERIC, IBSS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, ISI Conference Proceedings Citation Index, SPORTDiscus, Database on Obesity and Sedentary Behaviour Studies, Database of Promoting Health Effectiveness Reviews (DoPHER) and Database of Health Promotion Research. In addition, we searched the Network Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), three trials registries and reference lists. We also contacted researchers in the field. We included (cluster) randomised and controlled clinical trials of lifestyle interventions for weight management in overweight or obese children three to 18 years of age. Studies in children with medical conditions known to affect weight status, school achievement and cognitive function were excluded. Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed quality and risk of bias and cross-checked extracts to resolve discrepancies when required. Authors were contacted to obtain further study details and were asked to provide data on the overweight and obese study population when they were not reported separately. Of 529 screened full-text articles, we included in the review six studies (14 articles) of 674 overweight and obese children and adolescents, comprising four studies with multicomponent lifestyle interventions and two studies with physical activity only interventions. We conducted a meta-analysis when possible and a sensitivity analysis to consider the impact of cluster-randomised controlled trials and/or studies at 'high risk' of attrition bias on the intervention effect. We prioritised reporting of the sensitivity analysis when risk of bias and differences in intervention type and duration were suspected to have influenced the findings substantially. Analysis of a single study indicated that school-based healthy lifestyle education combined with nutrition interventions can produce small improvements in overall school achievement (mean difference (MD) 1.78 points on a scale of zero to 100, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8 to 2.76; P < 0.001; N = 321; moderate-quality evidence). Single component physical activity interventions produced small improvements in mathematics achievement (MD 3.00 points on a scale of zero to 200, 95% CI 0.78 to 5.22; P value = 0.008; one RCT; N = 96; high-quality evidence), executive function (MD 3.00, scale mean 100, standard deviation (SD) 15, 95% CI 0.09 to 5.91; P value = 0.04; one RCT; N = 116) and working memory (MD 3.00, scale mean 100, SD 15, 95% CI 0.51 to 5.49; P value = 0.02; one RCT; N = 116). No evidence suggested an effect of any lifestyle intervention on reading, vocabulary and language achievements, attention, inhibitory control and simultaneous processing. Pooling of data in meta-analyses was restricted by variations in study design. Heterogeneity was present within some meta-analyses and may have been explained by differences in types of interventions. Risk of bias was low for most assessed items; however in half of the studies, risk of bias was detected for attrition, participant selection and blinding. No study provided evidence of the effect of lifestyle interventions on future success. Whether changes in academic and cognitive abilities were connected to changes in body weight status was unclear because of conflicting findings and variations in study design. Despite the large number of childhood obesity treatment trials, evidence regarding their impact on school achievement and cognitive abilities is lacking. Existing studies have a range of methodological issues affecting the quality of evidence. Multicomponent interventions targeting physical activity and healthy diet could benefit general school achievement, whereas a physical activity intervention delivered for childhood weight management could benefit mathematics achievement, executive function and working memory. Although the effects are small, a very large number of children and adolescents could benefit from these interventions. Therefore health policy makers may wish to consider these potential additional benefits when promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools. Future obesity treatment trials are needed to examine overweight or obese children and adolescents and to report academic and cognitive as well as physical outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                September 2020
                : 22
                : 87
                : 251-261
                Affiliations
                [2] Murcia orgname España
                [3] Murcia Murcia orgnameUniversidad de Murcia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina y Odontología Spain
                [1] Murcia orgnameHospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer orgdiv1Unidad de Odontopediatría España
                [4] Murcia Murcia orgnameUniversidad de Murcia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina y Odontología orgdiv2Departamento de Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física Spain
                Article
                S1139-76322020000400005 S1139-7632(20)02208700005
                1b9e0934-c218-46ff-8817-72f754f6ae83

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Spain

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                Salud oral,Adolescencia,Estilos de vida,Hábitos no saludables,Adolescence,Hábitos saludables,Unhealthy habits,Oral health,Lifestyles,Healthy habits

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