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      The Effect of File Size and Type and Irrigation Solutions on the Accuracy of Electronic Apex Locators: An In Vitro Study on Canine Teeth

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          Abstract

          Measurements of the root canal during endodontic treatment have a significant influence on the course of the therapeutic process as well as on its final result in both human and veterinary medicine. The apical constriction should be the termination point for the preparation and filling of the root canal. This research was conducted with the use of a Septodont kit consisting of a small chamber filled with the examined solution in which a healthy second incisor was placed. The step back method was applied for the root canal preparation and master apical file of 30 was used. The working length was 22 mm. The examination was conducted with the use of steel as well as nickel titanium hand instruments. Different irrigation solutions and two types of apex locators were used. Measurements of the working length of the root canal showed dependence on the size of the instrument. Examinations carried out in various environments showed that analogical measurements were obtained only for sodium hypochlorite solutions. In other environments the measured sections were shortened. Comparative examinations with the use of steel instruments demonstrated insignificant measurement differences. Compared to these results, the measurements in nickel titanium group were characterized by more considerable deviations.

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          Most cited references31

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          Electronic apex locators.

          Prior to root canal treatment at least one undistorted radiograph is required to assess canal morphology. The apical extent of instrumentation and the final root filling have a role in treatment success, and are primarily determined radiographically. Electronic apex locators reduce the number of radiographs required and assist where radiographic methods create difficulty. They may also indicate cases where the apical foramen is some distance from the radiographic apex. Other roles include the detection of root canal perforation. A review of the literature focussed first on the subject of electronic apex location. A second review used the names of apex location devices. From the combined searches, 113 pertinent articles in English were found. This paper reviews the development, action, use and types of electronic apex locators.
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            New Method for Measuring the Length of the Root Canal

            I Sunada (1962)
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              Morphology of the physiological foramen: I. Maxillary and mandibular molars.

              Information concerning the anatomy of the physiological foramen is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the distance between the physiological and anatomical apex, accessory foramina frequency, and the shape and diameter of the physiological foramen in maxillary and mandibular molars. The apical anatomy of 523 maxillary and 574 mandibular molars from an Egyptian population was investigated by means of a computer-aided stereomicroscope (40 x magnification). The following results were obtained:
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2016
                26 September 2016
                : 2016
                : 8594087
                Affiliations
                1Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
                2Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
                3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Wroclaw, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland
                4Dental Clinic Adentis, Surowieckiego 8, 02-785 Warszawa, Poland
                5Dental Practice, Bartąska 2/22, 10-699 Olsztyn, Poland
                6Private Dental Clinic Maciej Kozłowski, Spokojna 23, 56-400 Oleśnica, Poland
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Andrea Scribante

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-2271
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7970-7484
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-6571
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-1534
                Article
                10.1155/2016/8594087
                5056237
                1bc1903b-7459-4d20-9d02-d1dfa9c7da5a
                Copyright © 2016 Maciej Janeczek et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 4 April 2016
                : 1 August 2016
                : 25 August 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Wroclaw Centre of Biotechnology and The Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) programme
                Funded by: Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences
                Categories
                Research Article

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