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      Estudio español sobre anticoagulación en hemodiálisis Translated title: Spanish study of anticoagulation in haemodialysis

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron conocer qué métodos de anticoagulación se emplean en la práctica habitual en los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) en España, de qué criterios dependen y las complicaciones derivadas de su uso. Material y métodos: Es un estudio de diseño transversal basado en dos tipos de encuestas, una de centros y otra de pacientes. La primera fue contestada por 87 unidades de HD de adultos que incluían 6.093 pacientes, y 2 unidades pediátricas; 43 centros (48,3%) eran de titularidad pública y 46 (51,7%), privada/concertada. En la encuesta de pacientes se analizaban 758 pacientes elegidos al azar de manera aleatoria en 78 unidades de HD. Resultados: A) Encuesta de centros: La mayoría de los centros de adultos (n = 61, 70,2%) disponían tanto de heparina de bajo peso molecular (HBPM) como de heparina no fraccionada (HNF), 19 (21,8%) sólo emplean HBPM y 7 (8%) utilizaban exclusivamente HNF. Las criterios más frecuentes para el empleo de HBPM fueron indicaciones médicas (83,3% de los centros) y la comodidad en la administración (29,5%). Los métodos más empleados para el ajuste de la dosis eran la coagulación del circuito (88,2% de los centros), el sangrado del acceso vascular tras la desconexión (75,3%) y el peso del paciente (57,6%). B) Encuesta de pacientes: La distribución del tipo de heparina empleada fue: 44,1% HNF, 51,5% HBPM y 4,4% diálisis sin heparina. La HBPM se utiliza más frecuentemente en los centros públicos (64,2% de los pacientes) que en los privados/concertados (46,1%) (p < 0,001). La HBPM se utilizaba con mayor frecuencia en la hemodiafiltración en línea que en la HD de alto flujo (p < 0,001). Un 45,5% de los pacientes recibían antiagregantes, un 18,4% anticoagulantes orales y un 5% ambos. El 4,4% de los pacientes tuvo complicaciones hemorrágicas en la última semana y el 1,9% complicaciones trombóticas. Las complicaciones hemorrágicas fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes que tomaban anticoagulantes orales (p = 0,01). No había asociación entre el tipo de heparina y las complicaciones hemorrágicas. Conclusiones: Se puede concluir que existe una gran disparidad de criterios en la prescripción de la anticoagulación en HD. Es aconsejable revisar los resultados propios y externos, y posiblemente crear una guía de anticoagulación en hemodiálisis.

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: This study's objectives were to determine which anticoagulation methods are commonly used in patients who are undergoing haemodialysis (HD) in Spain, on what criteria do they depend, and the consequences arising from their use. Material and Method: Ours was a cross-sectional study based on two types of surveys: a "HD Centre Survey" and a "Patient Survey". The first survey was answered by 87 adult HD units serving a total of 6093 patients, as well as 2 paediatric units. Among these units, 48.3% were part of the public health system and the remaining 51.7% units were part of the private health system. The patient survey analysed 758 patients who were chosen at random from among the aforementioned 78 HD units. Results: A) HD Centre Survey: The majority of adult HD units (n=61, 70.2%) used both kinds of heparin, 19 of them (21.8%) only used LMWH and 7 of them (8%) only used UFH. The most frequently applied criteria for the use of LMWH were medical indications (83.3% of HD units) and ease of administration (29.5%). The most frequently used methods for adjusting the dosage were clotting of the circuit (88.2% of units), bleeding of the vascular access after disconnection (75.3%), and patient weight (57.6%). B) Patient Survey: The distribution of the types of heparin used was: UFH: 44.1%, LMWH: 51.5%, and dialysis without heparin in 4.4% of patients. LMWH was more frequently used in public medical centres (64.2% of patients) than in private medical centres (46.1%) (P<.001). LMWH was more frequently used in on-line haemodiafiltration (HF) than in high-flux HD (P<.001). Antiplatelet agents were given to 45.5% of patients, oral anticoagulants to 18.4% of patients, and both to 5% of patients. Additionally, 4.4% of patients had suffered bleeding complications during the previous week, and 1.9% of patients suffered thrombotic complications. Bleeding complications were more frequent in patients with oral anticoagulants (P=.001), although there was no association between the type of heparin and the occurrence of bleeding or thrombotic complications. Conclusions: We are able to conclude that there is a great amount of disparity in the criteria used for the medical prescription of anticoagulation in HD. It is advisable that each HD unit revise their own results as well as those from other centres, and possibly to create an Anticoagulation Guide in Haemodialysis.

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          Most cited references59

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          Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis.

          Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Our objective was to determine and compare the incidences of HIT in surgical and medical patients receiving thromboprophylaxis with either UFH or LMWH. All relevant studies identified in the MEDLINE database (1984-2004), not limited by language, and from reference lists of key articles were evaluated. Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials comparing prophylaxis with UFH and LMWH and measuring HIT or thrombocytopenia as outcomes were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data on thromboprophylaxis (type, dose, frequency, and duration), definition of thrombocytopenia, HIT assay, and rates of the following outcomes: HIT, thrombocytopenia, and thromboembolic events. HIT was defined as a decrease in platelets to less than 50% or to less than 100 x 10(9)/L and positive laboratory HIT assay. Fifteen studies (7287 patients) were eligible: 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) measuring HIT (1014 patients), 3 prospective studies (1464 patients) with nonrandomized comparison groups in which HIT was appropriately measured in both groups, and 10 RCTs (4809 patients) measuring thrombocytopenia but not HIT. Three analyses were performed using a random effects model and favored the use of LMWH: (1) RCTs measuring HIT showed an odds ratio (OR) of 0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.2; P = .03); (2) prospective studies measuring HIT showed an OR of 0.10 (95% CI, 0.03-0.33; P < .001); (3) all 15 studies measured thrombocytopenia. The OR was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.22-1.02; P = .06). The inverse variance-weighted average that determined the absolute risk for HIT with LMWH was 0.2%, and with UFH the risk was 2.6%. Most studies were of patients after orthopedic surgery.
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            Warfarin anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review of bleeding rates.

            Despite common use of warfarin, the bleeding risk associated with this treatment in hemodialysis (HD) patients is unknown. Systematic review. Inclusion criteria were case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials in dialysis patients that examined the bleeding risk associated with warfarin use compared with no warfarin or subcutaneous heparin. Studies with fewer than 10 subjects, case reports, abstracts lacking complete data sets, review articles, and editorials were excluded. Warfarin use compared with no warfarin or subcutaneous heparin. Data for bleeding were reported as rates: number of bleeding episodes per number of patient-years of warfarin exposure or follow-up. Of 79 articles and abstracts, 5 met inclusion criteria and 3 more could be added after investigators provided additional information. All studies were of HD patients, and 7 of 8 evaluated the use of warfarin for the prevention of HD access thrombosis. Intensity of anticoagulation varied. Meta-analysis was not possible because of study heterogeneity. Studies of full-intensity anticoagulation and the 1 randomized controlled trial of low-intensity anticoagulation showed major bleeding episode rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.54 events/patient-year of warfarin exposure. These rates are approximately twice as high as those of HD patients receiving either no warfarin or subcutaneous heparin. This review is based largely on data from observational studies in which bleeding rates may be confounded by comorbidity. Relatively small sample sizes may provide imprecise estimates of rates. Low- and full-intensity anticoagulation use in HD patients is associated with a significant bleeding risk, which has to be balanced against any potential benefit of therapy. This has to be considered carefully when prescribing warfarin to HD patients.
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              Anticoagulant and antiplatelet usage associates with mortality among hemodialysis patients.

              Many prescribe anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications to prevent thromboembolic events and access thrombosis in dialysis patients despite limited evidence of their efficacy in this population. This retrospective cohort study examined whether use of warfarin, clopidogrel, and/or aspirin affected survival in 41,425 incident hemodialysis patients during 5 yr of follow-up. The prescription frequencies for warfarin, clopidogrel, and aspirin were 8.3, 10.0, and 30.4%, respectively, during the first 90 d of initiating chronic hemodialysis. Compared with the 24,740 patients receiving none of these medications, Cox proportional hazards analysis suggested that exposure to these medications was associated with increased risk for mortality (warfarin hazard ratio [HR] 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18 to 1.37]; clopidogrel HR 1.24 [95% CI 1.13 to 1.35]; and aspirin HR 1.06 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.11]). The increased mortality associated with warfarin or clopidogrel use remained in stratified analyses. A covariate- and propensity-adjusted time-varying analysis, which accounted for longitudinal changes in prescription, produced similar results. In addition, matching for treatment facility and attending physician revealed similar associations between prescription and mortality. We conclude that warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel prescription is associated with higher mortality among hemodialysis patients. Given the possibility of confounding by indication, randomized trials are needed to determine definitively the risk and benefit of these medications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2012
                : 32
                : 2
                : 143-152
                Affiliations
                [03] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Infanta Leonor orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                [01] Madrid orgnameHospital Clínico San Carlos orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                [04] orgnameHospital del Sureste orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                [02] Madrid orgnameFundación Jiménez Díaz orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                Article
                S0211-69952012000200004
                1bc36f10-c85a-45a9-8281-0d2c35cebf68

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 August 2011
                : 14 November 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Anticoagulación,Hemodiálisis,Heparina,Heparina de bajo peso molecular,Coagulación,Anticoagulation,Haemodialysis,Heparin,Low molecular weight heparin,Clotting

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