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      Use of Antiepileptic Drugs for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

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          Abstract

          Many studies investigated the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in several neurological diseases other than epilepsy. These neurological disorders, usually, involve neuronal excitability through the modulating of ion channels, receptors and intracellular signaling pathways, and are the targets of the AEDs. This article provides a review of the clinical efficacy of both conventional and newer AEDs in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Some of these indications for AEDs have been established, while others are under investigation. The modulation of GABAergic transmission may explain the neuronal hyper-excitability that underlies some forms of hyperkinetic movement disorders. So, AEDs able to increase GABAergic neurotransmission may play a role in hyperkinetic movement disorders treatment. Therefore, AEDs could represent a useful therapeutic option in the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders where the available treatments are ineffective.

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          Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health.

          Richard Allen, Daniel Picchietti, Wayne Hening … (2003)
          Restless legs syndrome is a common yet frequently undiagnosed sensorimotor disorder. In 1995, the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group developed standardized criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome. Since that time, additional scientific scrutiny and clinical experience have led to a better understanding of the condition. Modification of the criteria is now necessary to better reflect that increased body of knowledge, as well as to clarify slight confusion with the wording of the original criteria. The restless legs syndrome diagnostic criteria and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Members of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and authorities on epidemiology and the design of questionnaires and scales. To modify the current criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome, to develop new criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome in the cognitively impaired elderly and in children, to create standardized criteria for the identification of augmentation, and to establish consistent questions for use in epidemiology studies. The essential diagnostic criteria for restless legs syndrome were developed and approved by workshop participants and the executive committee of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Criteria were also developed and approved for the additional aforementioned groups.
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            A novel potassium channel gene, KCNQ2, is mutated in an inherited epilepsy of newborns.

            N. Singh, C Charlier, D. Stauffer … (1998)
            Idiopathic generalized epilepsies account for about 40% of epilepsy up to age 40 and commonly have a genetic basis. One type is benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), a dominantly inherited disorder of newborns. We have identified a sub-microscopic deletion of chromosome 20q13.3 that co-segregates with seizures in a BFNC family. Characterization of cDNAs spanning the deleted region identified one encoding a novel voltage-gated potassium channel, KCNQ2, which belongs to a new KQT-like class of potassium channels. Five other BFNC probands were shown to have KCNQ2 mutations, including two transmembrane missense mutations, two frameshifts and one splice-site mutation. This finding in BFNC provides additional evidence that defects in potassium channels are involved in the mammalian epilepsy phenotype.
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              The pathophysiological basis of dystonias.

              Yuqing Li, Xandra O. Breakefield, Anne J. Blood … (2008)
              Dystonias comprise a group of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary movements and postures. Insight into the nature of neuronal dysfunction has been provided by the identification of genes responsible for primary dystonias, the characterization of animal models and functional evaluations and in vivo brain imaging of patients with dystonia. The data suggest that alterations in neuronal development and communication within the brain create a susceptible substratum for dystonia. Although there is no overt neurodegeneration in most forms of dystonia, there are functional and microstructural brain alterations. Dystonia offers a window into the mechanisms whereby subtle changes in neuronal function, particularly in sensorimotor circuits that are associated with motor learning and memory, can corrupt normal coordination and lead to a disabling motor disorder.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Neuropharmacol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CN
                Title: Current Neuropharmacology
                Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1875-6190
                Publication date (Print): December 2010
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 359-366
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Division, Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
                [2 ]Pharmacology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro Italy; Tel: +39-0961-712322; Fax: +39-0961-774424; E-mail: gallelli@ 123456unicz.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: CN-8-359
                DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358187
                PMC ID: 3080592
                PubMed ID: 21629443
                SO-VID: 1bdd9d3f-062f-404b-8e8f-46864371cb16
                Copyright © ©2010 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/), which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 January 2010
                Date revision received : 23 April 2010
                Date accepted : 30 April 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: gaba,antiepilteptic drugs,hyperkinetic movement disorders.
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: gaba, antiepilteptic drugs, hyperkinetic movement disorders.

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