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      An overview of the cognitive implications of the Oldowan Industrial Complex

      1 , 2
      Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
      Informa UK Limited

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          The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution

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            Endurance running and the evolution of Homo.

            Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that possibly originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running, running is generally considered to have played no major role in human evolution because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to most quadrupeds. Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained long-distance running, and review the physiological and anatomical bases of endurance running capabilities in humans and other mammals. Judged by several criteria, humans perform remarkably well at endurance running, thanks to a diverse array of features, many of which leave traces in the skeleton. The fossil evidence of these features suggests that endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago, and may have been instrumental in the evolution of the human body form.
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              Plio-Pleistocene African climate.

              Marine records of African climate variability document a shift toward more arid conditions after 2.8 million years ago (Ma), evidently resulting from remote forcing by cold North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures associated with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glacial cycles. African climate before 2.8 Ma was regulated by low-latitude insolation forcing of monsoonal climate due to Earth orbital precession. Major steps in the evolution of African hominids and other vertebrates are coincident with shifts to more arid, open conditions near 2.8 Ma, 1.7 Ma, and 1.0 Ma, suggesting that some Pliocene (Plio)-Pleistocene speciation events may have been climatically mediated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
                Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
                Informa UK Limited
                0067-270X
                1945-5534
                November 24 2017
                January 02 2018
                March 09 2018
                January 02 2018
                : 53
                : 1
                : 3-39
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
                [2 ] Stone Age Institute, Gosport, IN, USA
                Article
                10.1080/0067270X.2018.1439558
                1be17965-98d6-4051-b277-d916c2f678e0
                © 2018
                History

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