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      Evaluación de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para Toxocara canis Translated title: Evaluation of stool diagnosis techniques for Toxocara canis

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sensibilidad de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para determinar cuantitativamente la presencia de huevos de Toxocara canis en muestras de heces frescas de caninos. Para ello, se extrajeron huevos del útero de hembras adultas de T. canis obtenidas de cachorros caninos. Se utilizaron ocho concentraciones de huevos (10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750 y 1 000 huevos por gramo de materia fecal - hpg), siendo considerados como el gold standard para determinar el grado de precisión de las técnicas Kato-Katz, McMaster, McMaster modificado mejorado y Faust. Se utilizaron tres repeticiones por técnica y por concentración. La sensibilidad de cada prueba se realizó mediante el cálculo aritmético y curva ROC (IC95%), comparándolas con el gold standard mediante una prueba no paramétrica de los rangos con signo de Wilcoxon (p<0.05). La técnica Faust detectó huevos de T. canis sin importar la concentración, pero en desigualdad estadística con el gold standard (p<0.001 a p<0.0001). La técnica KatoKatz no presentó diferencias significativas con el gold standard, pero no detectó la presencia de huevos de T. canis en 10 y 50 hpg, mientras que la técnica McMaster modificado mejorado presentó similitud con el gold estandar en 100 y 250 hpg. El método de McMaster detectó huevos a partir de 100 hpg, obteniendo valores de hpg por debajo del gold standard (p<0.05 y p<0.001). Se obtuvieron sensibilidades de 74.72% (IC95% 72.93-80.22) para la técnica de Kato-Katz y entre 30 y 40% (IC95% 26.71-48.29) para las demás pruebas. Se concluye que la técnica Kato-Katz obtuvo un mejor desempeño en sensibilidad diagnóstica cuantitativa constante al comprarse con técnicas cotidianas cuantitativas de diagnóstico coprológico en laboratorios veterinarios para huevos de T. canis en muestras de heces frescas de canes.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of four coprodiagnostic techniques to quantitatively determine the presence of Toxocara canis eggs in fresh canine stool samples. For this, eggs were extracted from the uterus of adult female T. canis obtained from canine puppies. Eight concentrations of eggs were used (10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 eggs per gram of faeces epg), being considered as the gold standard to determine the degree of precision of the Kato-Katz, McMaster, Improved Modified McMaster and Faust techniques. Three repetitions were used per technique and per concentration. The sensitivity of each test was performed by arithmetic calculation and ROC curve (95% CI), comparing them with the gold standard by means of a nonparametric test of the Wilcoxon signed ranges (p<0.05). The Faust technique detected T. canis eggs regardless of concentration, but in statistical inequality with the gold standard (p<0.001 to p<0.0001). The Kato-Katz technique did not show significant differences with the gold standard, but it was unable to detect the presence of T. canis eggs in 10 and 50 epg concentration, while the improved modified McMaster technique showed similarity with the gold standard in 100 and 250 epg. The McMaster method detected eggs from 100 epg, obtaining epg values below the gold standard (p<0.05 and p<0.001). Sensitivities of 74.72% (95% CI 72.93-80.22) were obtained for the Kato-Katz technique and between 30 and 40% (95% CI 26.71-48.29) for the other tests. It is concluded that the Kato-Katz technique obtained a better performance showing a constant quantitative diagnostic sensitivity when compared with other routine quantitative stool diagnosis techniques in veterinary laboratories for T. canis eggs in fresh dog faeces samples.

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          One health – an ecological and evolutionary framework for tackling Neglected Zoonotic Diseases

          Abstract Understanding the complex population biology and transmission ecology of multihost parasites has been declared as one of the major challenges of biomedical sciences for the 21st century and the Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs) are perhaps the most neglected of all the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Here we consider how multihost parasite transmission and evolutionary dynamics may affect the success of human and animal disease control programmes, particularly neglected diseases of the developing world. We review the different types of zoonotic interactions that occur, both ecological and evolutionary, their potential relevance for current human control activities, and make suggestions for the development of an empirical evidence base and theoretical framework to better understand and predict the outcome of such interactions. In particular, we consider whether preventive chemotherapy, the current mainstay of NTD control, can be successful without a One Health approach. Transmission within and between animal reservoirs and humans can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences, driving the evolution and establishment of drug resistance, as well as providing selective pressures for spill‐over, host switching, hybridizations and introgressions between animal and human parasites. Our aim here is to highlight the importance of both elucidating disease ecology, including identifying key hosts and tailoring control effort accordingly, and understanding parasite evolution, such as precisely how infectious agents may respond and adapt to anthropogenic change. Both elements are essential if we are to alleviate disease risks from NZDs in humans, domestic animals and wildlife.
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            Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact

            Background Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that afflicts millions of the pediatric and adolescent populations worldwide, especially in impoverished communities. This disease is caused by infection with the larvae of Toxocara canis and T. cati, the most ubiquitous intestinal nematode parasite in dogs and cats, respectively. In this article, recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and pharmacotherapies that have been used in the treatment of toxocariasis are reviewed. Main text Over the past two decades, we have come far in our understanding of the biology and epidemiology of toxocariasis. However, lack of laboratory infrastructure in some countries, lack of uniform case definitions and limited surveillance infrastructure are some of the challenges that hindered the estimation of global disease burden. Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms: visceral, ocular, covert and neural. Incorrect or misdiagnosis of any of these disabling conditions can result in severe health consequences and considerable medical care spending. Fortunately, multiple diagnostic modalities are available, which if effectively used together with the administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapies, can minimize any unnecessary patient morbidity. Conclusions Although progress has been made in the management of toxocariasis patients, there remains much work to be done. Implementation of new technologies and better understanding of the pathogenesis of toxocariasis can identify new diagnostic biomarkers, which may help in increasing diagnostic accuracy. Also, further clinical research breakthroughs are needed to develop better ways to effectively control and prevent this serious disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Diagnostic performance of a single and duplicate Kato-Katz, Mini-FLOTAC, FECPAK G2 and qPCR for the detection and quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in three endemic countries

              Background Because the success of deworming programs targeting soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is evaluated through the periodically assessment of prevalence and infection intensities, the use of the correct diagnostic method is of utmost importance. The STH community has recently published for each phase of a deworming program the minimal criteria that a potential diagnostic method needs to meet, the so-called target product profiles (TPPs). Methodology We compared the diagnostic performance of a single Kato-Katz (reference method) with that of other microscopy-based methods (duplicate Kato-Katz, Mini-FLOTAC and FECPAKG2) and one DNA-based method (qPCR) for the detection and quantification of STH infections in three drug efficacy trials in Ethiopia, Lao PDR, and Tanzania. Furthermore, we evaluated a selection of minimal diagnostic criteria of the TPPs. Principal findings All diagnostic methods showed a clinical sensitivity of ≥90% for all STH infections of moderate-to-heavy intensities. For infections of very low intensity, only qPCR resulted in a sensitivity that was superior to a single Kato-Katz for all STHs. Compared to the reference method, both Mini-FLOTAC and FECPAKG2 resulted in significantly lower fecal egg counts for some STHs, leading to a substantial underestimation of the infection intensity. For qPCR, there was a positive significant correlation between the egg counts of a single Kato-Katz and the DNA concentration. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that the diagnostic performance of a single Kato-Katz is underestimated by the community and that diagnostic specific thresholds to classify intensity of infection are warranted for Mini-FLOTAC, FECPAKG2 and qPCR. When we strictly apply the TPPs, Kato-Katz is the only microscopy-based method that meets the minimal diagnostic criteria for application in the planning, monitoring and evaluation phase of an STH program. qPCR is the only method that could be considered in the phase that aims to seek confirmation for cessation of program. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03465488
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rivep
                Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú
                Rev. investig. vet. Perú
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria (Lima, , Peru )
                1609-9117
                May 2021
                : 32
                : 3
                : e18861
                Affiliations
                [3] Salvador, Bahia Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências da Saúde Brazil
                [2] Villavicencio, Meta Meta orgnameUniversidad de los Llanos orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales orgdiv2Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Animales Colombia
                [1] Villavicencio, Meta Meta orgnameUniversidad de los Llanos orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías orgdiv2Programa de Biología Colombia
                Article
                S1609-91172021000300019 S1609-9117(21)03200300019
                10.15381/rivep.v32i3.18861
                1be77816-b0dd-4c55-aaae-5f4d6a1cdf4d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 October 2020
                : 18 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Peru

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                toxocariasis,zoonosis,salud pública,nematodo,endoparásito,enfermedades desatendidas,zoonoses,public health,nematode,endoparasite,neglected diseases

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