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      Predictors of ADHD Persistence in Girls at 5-Year Follow-Up

        1 , 2 , 2 , 2 ,   3 , 2
      Journal of Attention Disorders
      SAGE Publications

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          Abstract

          The main aim of this study was to examine the age-dependent remission from ADHD in girls transitioning through childhood into adolescence and early adulthood. We conducted a 5-year prospective follow-up study of 123 girls with ADHD and 106 non-ADHD control girls aged between 6 and 17 years at ascertainment. ADHD was considered persistent at follow-up if participants met full diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV ADHD or met residual criteria for DSM-IV ADHD with associated impairment (Global Age Forum [GAF] score < 60). By age 16 years, ADHD was persistent in 71% (95% CI = 61-79%) of girls with ADHD. Participants with persistent ADHD at follow-up had more psychiatric comorbidity, behavior problems, and functional impairment than girls with ADHD in remission. Remitted ADHD, however, continued to be associated with functional impairment relative to non-ADHD controls. Persistence at 5 years was predicted by increased behavioral impairment at baseline. This 5-year follow-up suggests that many girls with ADHD experience persistent symptoms and/or functional impairment through late adolescence and into early adulthood.

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          The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies.

          This study examined the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood. We analyzed data from published follow-up studies of ADHD. To be included in the analysis, these additional studies had to meet the following criteria: the study included a control group and it was clear from the methods if the diagnosis of ADHD included subjects who did not meet full criteria but showed residual and impairing signs of the disorder. We used a meta-analysis regression model to separately assess the syndromatic and symptomatic persistence of ADHD. When we define only those meeting full criteria for ADHD as having 'persistent ADHD', the rate of persistence is low, approximately 15% at age 25 years. But when we include cases consistent with DSM-IV's definition of ADHD in partial remission, the rate of persistence is much higher, approximately 65%. Our results show that estimates of ADHD's persistence rely heavily on how one defines persistence. Yet, regardless of definition, our analyses show that evidence for ADHD lessens with age. More work is needed to determine if this reflects true remission of ADHD symptoms or is due to the developmental insensitivity of diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
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            Age-Dependent Decline of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Impact of Remission Definition and Symptom Type

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              National Survey of Problems and Competencies among Four- to Sixteen-Year-Olds: Parents' Reports for Normative and Clinical Samples

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Attention Disorders
                J Atten Disord
                SAGE Publications
                1087-0547
                1557-1246
                March 23 2010
                April 2011
                March 23 2010
                April 2011
                : 15
                : 3
                : 183-192
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
                [2 ]Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
                [3 ]SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
                Article
                10.1177/1087054710362217
                3751165
                20332414
                1bf1ccbc-f509-44d6-865b-4676df1120f1
                © 2011

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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