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      Towards an ecological theory of unequal exchange: articulating world system theory and ecological economics

      Ecological Economics
      Elsevier BV

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          Self-organization, transformity, and information.

          H Odum (1988)
          Ecosystems and other self-organizing systems develop system designs and mathematics that reinforce energy use, characteristically with alternate pulsing of production and consumption, increasingly recognized as the new paradigm. Insights from the energetics of ecological food chains suggest the need to redefine work, distinguishing kinds of energy with a new quantity, the transformity (energy of one type required per unit of another). Transformities may be used as an energy-scaling factor for the hierarchies of the universe including information. Solar transformities in the biosphere, expressed as solar emjoules per joule, range from one for solar insolation to trillions for categories of shared information. Resource contributions multiplied by their transformities provide a scientifically based value system for human service, environmental mitigation, foreign trade equity, public policy alternatives, and economic vitality.
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            Embodied energy and economic valuation.

            R Costanza (1980)
            Input-output analysis has been adapted to calculate the total (direct plus indirect) energy required to produce goods and services in the U.S. economy; this quantity has been termed the embodied energy. Usually, the energy required to produce labor and government services and the solar energy input to the economy are ignored by analysts. The former omission can be traced to the assumption that traditional primary factors of economic production-land, labor, and capital-are independent. A strong case can be made that these input factors are not independent and that energy is required for their production. Embodied energies can be calculated in this case by using input-output data. The results of such an analysis show that there is a strong relation between embodied energy and dollar value for a 92-sector U.S. economy if the energy required to produce labor and government services is included.
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              Ecology, thermodynamics and H.T. Odum's conjectures

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ecological Economics
                Ecological Economics
                Elsevier BV
                09218009
                April 1998
                April 1998
                : 25
                : 1
                : 127-136
                Article
                10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00100-6
                1c152bd8-928e-4e0c-972e-0706e923aaba
                © 1998

                http://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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