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      A 2-year longitudinal follow-up of performance characteristics in Chinese male elite youth athletes from swimming and racket sports

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          Abstract

          Training in elite sport aims at the optimization of the athletic performance, and to control the athletes`progress in physiological, anthropometrical and motor performance prerequisites. However, in most sports, the value of longitudinal testing is unclear. This study evaluates the longitudinal development and the influence of intense training over 2-years on specific physiological performance prerequisites, as well as certain body dimensions and motor abilities in elite youth athletes. Recruited between 11–13 years of age at Shanghai Elite Sport school, the sample of student-athletes (N = 21) was categorized as the swimming group (10 athletes), and the racket sports group (11 players: 7 table tennis and 4 badminton players). The performance monitoring took place over two years between September 2016 and September 2018 and included 5 test waves. In all the test waves, the athletes were assessed by means of three physiological measurements (vital capacity, hemoglobin concentration, heart rate at rest), three anthropometric parameters (body height, body weight, chest girth), and two motor tests (back strength, complex reaction speed). Seven out of eight diagnostic methods exhibit medium to high validity to discriminate between the different levels of performance development in the two sports groups. The investigated development of the performance characteristics is attributed partly to the inherited athletic disposition as well as to the different sport-specific training regimens of the two sports groups.

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          Most cited references61

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          Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?

          Measures of resting, exercise, and recovery heart rate are receiving increasing interest for monitoring fatigue, fitness and endurance performance responses, which has direct implications for adjusting training load (1) daily during specific training blocks and (2) throughout the competitive season. However, these measures are still not widely implemented to monitor athletes' responses to training load, probably because of apparent contradictory findings in the literature. In this review I contend that most of the contradictory findings are related to methodological inconsistencies and/or misinterpretation of the data rather than to limitations of heart rate measures to accurately inform on training status. I also provide evidence that measures derived from 5-min (almost daily) recordings of resting (indices capturing beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity) and submaximal exercise (30- to 60-s average) heart rate are likely the most useful monitoring tools. For appropriate interpretation at the individual level, changes in a given measure should be interpreted by taking into account the error of measurement and the smallest important change of the measure, as well as the training context (training phase, load, and intensity distribution). The decision to use a given measure should be based upon the level of information that is required by the athlete, the marker's sensitivity to changes in training status and the practical constrains required for the measurements. However, measures of heart rate cannot inform on all aspects of wellness, fatigue, and performance, so their use in combination with daily training logs, psychometric questionnaires and non-invasive, cost-effective performance tests such as a countermovement jump may offer a complete solution to monitor training status in athletes participating in aerobic-oriented sports.
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            Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes.

            Decreased lumbo-pelvic (or core) stability has been suggested to contribute to the etiology of lower extremity injuries, particularly in females. This prospective study compares core stability measures between genders and between athletes who reported an injury during their season versus those who did not. Finally, we looked for one or a combination of these strength measures that could be used to identify athletes at risk for lower extremity injury. Before their season, 80 female (mean age = 19.1 +/- 1.37 yr, mean weight 65.1 +/- 10.0 kg) and 60 male (mean age = 19.0 +/- 0.90 yr, mean weight 78.8 +/- 13.3 kg) intercollegiate basketball and track athletes were studied. Hip abduction and external rotation strength, abdominal muscle function, and back extensor and quadratus lumborum endurance was tested for each athlete. Males produced greater hip abduction (males = 32.6 +/- 7.3%BW, females = 29.2 +/- 6.1%BW), hip external rotation (males = 21.6 +/- 4.3%BW, females = 18.4 +/- 4.1%BW), and quadratus lumborum measures (males = 84.3 +/- 32.5 s, females = 58.9 +/- 26.0 s). Athletes who did not sustain an injury were significantly stronger in hip abduction (males = 31.6 +/- 7.1%BW, females = 28.6 +/- 5.5%BW) and external rotation (males = 20.6 +/- 4.2%BW, females = 17.9 +/- 4.4%BW). Logistic regression analysis revealed that hip external rotation strength was the only useful predictor of injury status (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.097). Core stability has an important role in injury prevention. Future study may reveal that differences in postural stability partially explain the gender bias among female athletes.
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              Refuting the myth of non-response to exercise training: 'non-responders' do respond to higher dose of training.

              The prevalence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) non-response gradually declines in healthy individuals exercising 60, 120, 180, 240 or 300 min per week for 6 weeks. Following a successive identical 6-week training period but comprising 120 min of additional exercise per week, CRF non-response is universally abolished. The magnitude of CRF improvement is primarily attributed to changes in haemoglobin mass. The potential for CRF improvement may be present and unveiled with appropriate exercise training stimuli in healthy individuals without exception.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Data curation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisition
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                12 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0239155
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
                [2 ] Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
                [3 ] China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
                [4 ] Institute of Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
                [5 ] Institute of Sports Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
                [6 ] Shanghai Sports School, Shanghai, China
                [7 ] School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
                University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-162X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-0453
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2888-4744
                Article
                PONE-D-20-12534
                10.1371/journal.pone.0239155
                7549762
                33044967
                1c2601e5-18d0-400f-a18b-adf15f7ce8fc
                © 2020 Zhao et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 April 2020
                : 31 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance (Shanghai University of Sport)
                Award ID: 11DZ2261100
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Directed Research Grants from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality
                Award ID: 18DZ1200600
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Graduate Abroad Visiting Program from Shanghai University of Sport, China
                Award ID: STFX20190104
                Award Recipient :
                We thank the Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance (Shanghai University of Sport) (No. 11DZ2261100), and Directed Research Grants from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 18DZ1200600), and the Graduate Abroad Visiting Program from Shanghai University of Sport, China (No. STFX20190104).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Biological Locomotion
                Swimming
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Human Performance
                Social Sciences
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                Human Performance
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                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Anthropometry
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Anthropometry
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Hemoglobin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Neuroscience
                Reaction Time
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Neuroscience
                Reaction Time
                Medicine and Health Sciences
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                Sports and Exercise Medicine
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