Nonlinear optical properties of two-dimensional palladium ditelluride (PdTe2) and its application as aerosol jet printed saturable absorbers for broadband ultrafast photonics

Geometrical confinement effect in exfoliated sheets of layered materials leads to significant evolution of energy dispersion in mono- to few-layer thickness regime. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)) was recently found to exhibit indirect-to-direct gap transition when the thickness is reduced to a single monolayer. Emerging photoluminescence (PL) from monolayer MoS(2) opens up opportunities for a range of novel optoelectronic applications of the material. Here we report differential reflectance and PL spectra of mono- to few-layer WS(2) and WSe(2) that indicate that the band structure of these materials undergoes similar indirect-to-direct gap transition when thinned to a single monolayer. The transition is evidenced by distinctly enhanced PL peak centered at 630 and 750 nm in monolayer WS(2) and WSe(2), respectively. Few-layer flakes are found to exhibit comparatively strong indirect gap emission along with direct gap hot electron emission, suggesting high quality of synthetic crystals prepared by a chemical vapor transport method. Fine absorption and emission features and their thickness dependence suggest a strong effect of Se p-orbitals on the d electron band structure as well as interlayer coupling in WSe(2).