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      Posição socioeconômica e autoavaliação da saúde bucal no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Translated title: Socioeconomic position and self-rated oral health in Brazil: results of the Brazilian National Health Survey Translated title: Posición socioeconómica y autoevaluación de salud bucal en Brasil: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud

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          Abstract

          Resumo: Analisou-se a autoavaliação da saúde bucal da população adulta brasileira segundo a posição socioeconômica (região de residência, escolaridade, renda e classe social), explorando as variáveis com maior sensibilidade para medir tal associação. Estudaram-se 59.758 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais de idade, que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013, um inquérito domiciliar de base populacional. A autoavaliação da saúde bucal (dentes e gengivas) foi analisada como positiva, regular e negativa. Com base na regressão logística multinomial, estimaram-se odds ratio (OR) brutos e ajustados e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram calculados os percentuais de concordância e o valor de kappa para comparar os valores obtidos pelos modelos de regressão e os valores esperados. A prevalência da autoavaliação da saúde bucal positiva foi 67,4%, 26,7% para regular e 5,9% para negativa. Após ajuste, a chance de autoavaliar a saúde bucal como negativa foi significativamente mais elevada entre os indivíduos com renda domiciliar per capita de até um salário mínimo (OR = 4,71; IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sem nível de escolaridade completo (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), da classe social destituídos de ativos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) e residentes na Região Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posição socioeconômica influenciam a percepção sobre a saúde bucal, mas a renda domiciliar per capita, a escolaridade e a classe social foram as responsáveis pelo maior gradiente na autoavaliação da saúde bucal de adultos no Brasil em 2013.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The study analyzed self-rated oral health in the Brazilian adult population according to socioeconomic status (region of residence, schooling, income, and social class), exploring the variables with the greatest sensitivity to measure the association. The study sample included 59,758 individuals 18 years or older who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, a population-based household survey. Self-rated oral health (teeth and gums) was analyzed as positive, fair, or negative. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Percentage of agreement and kappa values were calculated to compare the values obtained with the regression models and the expected values. Self-rated oral health was positive in 67.4%, fair in 26.7%, and negative in 5.9%. After adjustment, the odds of negative self-rated health were significantly higher in individuals with per capita household income up to one minimum wage, or approximately USD 270/month (OR = 4.71; 95%CI: 2.84-7.83), without complete primary schooling (OR = 3.28; 95%CI: 2.34-4.61), in the social class devoid of assets (OR = 3.03; 95%CI: 2.12-4.32) and residents of Northeast Brazil (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89). Various indicators of socioeconomic status influence self-rated oral health, but per capita household income, schooling, and social class accounted for the largest gradient in self-rated oral health in Brazilian adults in 2013.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Se analizó la autoevaluación de salud bucal de la población adulta brasileña según la posición socioeconómica (región de residencia, escolaridad, renta y clase social), explorando las variables con mayor sensibilidad para medir tal asociación. Se han estudiado 59.758 individuos con 18 años o más de edad, que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013, una encuesta domiciliar de base poblacional. La autoevaluación de la salud bucal (dientes y encías) fue analizada como positiva, regular y negativa. Através de la regresión logística multinomial, se estimaron odds ratio (OR) brutos y ajustados y los respectivos intervalos con 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se calcularon los porcentajes de concordancia y el valor de kappa para comparar los valores obtenidos por los modelos de regresión y los valores esperados. La prevalencia de la autoevaluación de salud bucal positiva fue 67,4%, 26,7% para regular y 5,9% para negativa. Después del ajuste, la posibilidad de autoevaluar la salud bucal como negativa fue significativamente más elevada entre los individuos con ingresos domiciliarios per cápita de hasta un salario mínimo (OR = 4,71, IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sin niveles de escolaridad completa (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), de la clase social desposeídos de activos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) y residentes de la región Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posición socioeconómica influencian la percepción sobre la salud bucal, pero la renta domiciliar per cápita, la escolaridad y la clase social fueron los responsables del mayor gradiente en la autoevaluación de salud bucal de adultos en Brasil en 2013.

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          The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data

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            Different indicators of socioeconomic status and their relative importance as determinants of health in old age

            Background Socioeconomic status has been operationalised in a variety of ways, most commonly as education, social class, or income. In this study, we also use occupational complexity and a SES-index as alternative measures of socioeconomic status. Studies show that in analyses of health inequalities in the general population, the choice of indicators influence the magnitude of the observed inequalities. Less is known about the influence of indicator choice in studies of older adults. The aim of this study is twofold: i) to analyse the impact of the choice of socioeconomic status indicator on the observed health inequalities among older adults, ii) to explore whether different indicators of socioeconomic status are independently associated with health in old age. Methods We combined data from two nationally representative Swedish surveys, providing more than 20 years of follow-up. Average marginal effects were estimated to compare the association between the five indicators of SES, and three late-life health outcomes: mobility limitations, limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), and psychological distress. Results All socioeconomic status indicators were associated with late-life health; there were only minor differences in the effect sizes. Income was most strongly associated to all indicators of late-life health, the associations remained statistically significant when adjusting for the other indicators. In the fully adjusted models, education contributed to the model fits with 0–3% (depending on the outcome), social class with 0–1%, occupational complexity with 1–8%, and income with 3–18%. Conclusions Our results indicate overlapping properties between socioeconomic status indicators in relation to late-life health. However, income is associated to late-life health independently of all other variables. Moreover, income did not perform substantially worse than the composite SES-index in capturing health variation. Thus, if the primary objective of including an indicator of socioeconomic status is to adjust the model for socioeconomic differences in late-life health rather than to analyse these inequalities per se, income may be the preferable indicator. If, on the other hand, the primary objective of a study is to analyse specific aspects of health inequalities, or the mechanisms that drive health inequalities, then the choice of indicator should be theoretically guided. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12939-017-0670-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              A Systematic Review of Socioeconomic Indicators and Dental Caries in Adults

              Increasing evidence suggests that socioeconomic factors may be associated with an increased risk of dental caries. To provide better evidence of the association between dental caries in adults and socioeconomic indicators, we evaluated the relation between these two conditions in a thorough review of the literature. Seven databases were systematically searched: Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Bireme, Controlled Trials, Clinical Trials and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. No restrictions were placed on the language or year of publication. The search yielded 41 studies for systematic review. Two independent reviewers screened the studies for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The following socioeconomic indicators were found: educational level, income, occupation, socio-economic status and the community index. These indicators were significantly associated with a greater occurrence of dental caries: the subject’s education, subject’s income, subject’s occupation and the Gini coefficient. A high degree of heterogeneity was found among the methods. Quality varied across studies. The criteria employed for socioeconomic indicators and dental caries should be standardized in future studies. The scientific evidence reveals that educational level, income, occupation and the Gini coefficient are associated with dental caries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                May 2019
                : 35
                : 6
                : e00099518
                Affiliations
                [2] São Paulo, orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Saúde Pública Brazil
                [1] São Paulo orgnameInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Brasil
                [3] orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Instituto de Saúde Pública Portugal
                Article
                S0102-311X2019000705004
                10.1590/0102-311x00099518
                1c3db67d-1664-4dba-aafd-990b751b6639

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 May 2018
                : 06 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos

                Saúde Bucal,Autoavaliação,Encuestas Epidemiológicas,Condiciones Sociales,Disparidades em el Estado de Salud,Salud Bucal,Autoevaluación,Health Surveys,Social Conditions,Health Status Disparities,Oral Health,Self-Assessment,Inquéritos Epidemiológicos,Condições Sociais,Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde

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